diff --git a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.C b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.C
index 21e51a9e63b68ba6f0c9eb05d0940164dc859255..cdea75f6a4c164996c0a9ad9eb5db6ac9d804f5b 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.C
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate<CloudType>::calculate
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.H b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.H
index 9ab6a5c0f940450b350f8100b6217c387ecc5afe..c7fb7c05ea657da9cbfcb4340433b6ba513e487c 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate.H
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public:
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.C b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.C
index a96c2ee507ce48b68628931336a0d520e36cef48..d2cfccc5a3f00cf0fb2267578f2433920dc93956 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.C
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate<CloudType>::calculate
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.H b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.H
index 6500b24c4ffd82f89501bbaf350e433ceb79ac1f..794aaf431f0294cf27126036b06092b2c58b5543 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate.H
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ public:
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.C b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.C
index 6ee7419b8aadef98b1f132d4ba49de820926a08c..39f4f2d28a762ce9c77c0b5d4f09553de5325b39 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.C
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::COxidationMurphyShaddix<CloudType>::calculate
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
@@ -143,9 +143,6 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::COxidationMurphyShaddix<CloudType>::calculate
// Far field partial pressure O2 [Pa]
const scalar ppO2 = rhoO2/WO2_*specie::RR*Tc;
- // Molar emission rate of volatiles per unit surface area
- const scalar qVol = sum(dMassVolatile)/(WVol_*Ap);
-
// Total molar concentration of the carrier phase [kmol/m^3]
const scalar C = pc/(specie::RR*Tc);
@@ -174,7 +171,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::COxidationMurphyShaddix<CloudType>::calculate
while ((mag(qCs - qCsOld)/qCs > tolerance_) && (iter <= maxIters_))
{
qCsOld = qCs;
- const scalar PO2Surface = ppO2*exp(-(qCs + qVol)*d/(2*C*D));
+ const scalar PO2Surface = ppO2*exp(-(qCs + N)*d/(2*C*D));
qCs = A_*exp(-E_/(specie::RR*T))*pow(PO2Surface, n_);
qCs = (100.0*qCs + iter*qCsOld)/(100.0 + iter);
qCs = min(qCs, qCsLim);
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.H b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.H
index 7864fc63372bc1b34489e9bdedc49b6d402dd54a..1abd05190ba543b3a904e708422ca6fd48fe901f 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix/COxidationMurphyShaddix.H
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ public:
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.C
index c7a4b464c5b977c10243e645e6e71215b136cb92..cb301d82102cf54e31b1c6ca091f50a6f8148759 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.C
@@ -101,6 +101,12 @@ void Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calc
const scalar rho0 = rho_;
const scalar mass0 = mass();
+ // Reynolds number
+ const scalar Re = this->Re(U0, d0, muc_);
+
+
+ // Sources
+ //~~~~~~~~
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
@@ -113,7 +119,8 @@ void Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
- vector U1 = calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
+ vector U1 =
+ calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Re, muc_, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
// Accumulate carrier phase source terms
@@ -138,6 +145,8 @@ const Foam::vector Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calcVelocity
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt,
const label cellI,
+ const scalar Re,
+ const scalar mu,
const scalar d,
const vector& U,
const scalar rho,
@@ -149,8 +158,7 @@ const Foam::vector Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calcVelocity
const polyMesh& mesh = this->cloud().pMesh();
// Momentum transfer coefficient
- const scalar utc =
- td.cloud().drag().utc(U - Uc_, d, rhoc_, muc_) + ROOTVSMALL;
+ const scalar utc = td.cloud().drag().utc(Re, d, mu) + ROOTVSMALL;
// Momentum source due to particle forces
const vector FCoupled =
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.H
index 04615ab6055b7761fcfeaacf2683cf87039be00d..29979d106d27a2917cf7a2aa74dc3b40a56147b5 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcel.H
@@ -238,6 +238,8 @@ protected:
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt, // timestep
const label cellI, // owner cell
+ const scalar Re, // Reynolds number
+ const scalar mu, // local carrier viscosity
const scalar d, // diameter
const vector& U, // velocity
const scalar rho, // density
@@ -387,6 +389,14 @@ public:
//- Surface area for given diameter
inline scalar areaS(const scalar d) const;
+ //- Reynolds number - particle properties input
+ inline scalar Re
+ (
+ const vector& U,
+ const scalar d,
+ const scalar mu
+ ) const;
+
// Main calculation loop
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcelI.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcelI.H
index 30dc8ca1e7c22e1e2998674ede813bfe567acd0a..d847ac38e05f30e873cf60be4b7e6d522fad1935 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcelI.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/KinematicParcel/KinematicParcelI.H
@@ -385,4 +385,17 @@ Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::areaS(const scalar d) const
}
+template <class ParcelType>
+inline Foam::scalar
+Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::Re
+(
+ const vector& U,
+ const scalar d,
+ const scalar mu
+) const
+{
+ return rhoc_*mag(U - Uc_)*d/mu;
+}
+
+
// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.C
index a215242cbc7f95a4e4fde5357c66bde45d804ae8..31d8e9b2d614f6db668cb195153948a3a02bf3e6 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.C
@@ -206,6 +206,20 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
const label idL = td.cloud().composition().idLiquid();
const label idS = td.cloud().composition().idSolid();
+
+ // Calc surface values
+ // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ scalar Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa;
+ ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::
+ calcSurfaceValues(td, cellI, T0, Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa);
+
+ // Reynolds number
+ scalar Re = this->Re(U0, d0, mus);
+
+
+ // Sources
+ //~~~~~~~~
+
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
@@ -219,6 +233,45 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
scalar dhsTrans = 0.0;
+ // Phase change in liquid phase
+ // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ // Mass transfer due to phase change
+ scalarField dMassPC(YLiquid_.size(), 0.0);
+
+ // Molar flux of species emitted from the particle (kmol/m^2/s)
+ scalar Ne = 0.0;
+
+ // Sum Ni*Cpi*Wi of emission species
+ scalar NCpW = 0.0;
+
+ // Surface concentrations of emitted species
+ scalarField Cs(td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().species().size(), 0.0);
+
+ // Calc mass and enthalpy transfer due to phase change
+ calcPhaseChange
+ (
+ td,
+ dt,
+ cellI,
+ Re,
+ Ts,
+ mus/rhos,
+ d0,
+ T0,
+ mass0,
+ idL,
+ YMix[LIQ],
+ YLiquid_,
+ dMassPC,
+ Sh,
+ dhsTrans,
+ Ne,
+ NCpW,
+ Cs
+ );
+
+
// Devolatilisation
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -230,6 +283,8 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
(
td,
dt,
+ Ts,
+ d0,
T0,
mass0,
this->mass0_,
@@ -239,9 +294,15 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
canCombust_,
dMassDV,
Sh,
- dhsTrans
+ dhsTrans,
+ Ne,
+ NCpW,
+ Cs
);
+ // Correct surface values due to emitted species
+ correctSurfaceValues(td, cellI, Ts, Cs, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa);
+
// Surface reactions
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -267,7 +328,7 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
T0,
mass0,
canCombust_,
- dMassDV, // assuming d(mass) due to phase change is non-volatile
+ Ne,
YMix,
YGas_,
YLiquid_,
@@ -281,31 +342,6 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
);
- // Phase change in liquid phase
- // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
- // Mass transfer due to phase change
- scalarField dMassPC(YLiquid_.size(), 0.0);
-
- // Calc mass and enthalpy transfer due to phase change
- calcPhaseChange
- (
- td,
- dt,
- cellI,
- d0,
- T0,
- U0,
- mass0,
- idL,
- YMix[LIQ],
- YLiquid_,
- dMassPC,
- Sh,
- dhsTrans
- );
-
-
// Update component mass fractions
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -322,14 +358,30 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Calculate new particle temperature
scalar T1 =
- calcHeatTransfer(td, dt, cellI, d0, U0, rho0, T0, cp0, Sh, dhsTrans);
+ calcHeatTransfer
+ (
+ td,
+ dt,
+ cellI,
+ Re,
+ Pr,
+ kappa,
+ d0,
+ rho0,
+ T0,
+ cp0,
+ NCpW,
+ Sh,
+ dhsTrans
+ );
// Motion
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
- vector U1 = calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
+ vector U1 =
+ calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Re, mus, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
dUTrans += 0.5*(mass0 - mass1)*(U0 + U1);
@@ -455,6 +507,8 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calcDevolatilisation
(
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt,
+ const scalar Ts,
+ const scalar d,
const scalar T,
const scalar mass,
const scalar mass0,
@@ -464,7 +518,10 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calcDevolatilisation
bool& canCombust,
scalarField& dMassDV,
scalar& Sh,
- scalar& dhsTrans
+ scalar& dhsTrans,
+ scalar& N,
+ scalar& NCpW,
+ scalarField& Cs
) const
{
// Check that model is active, and that the parcel temperature is
@@ -496,6 +553,30 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calcDevolatilisation
td.cloud().addToMassDevolatilisation(this->nParticle_*dMassTot);
Sh -= dMassTot*td.constProps().LDevol()/dt;
+
+ // Molar average molecular weight of carrier mix
+ const scalar Wc = this->rhoc_*specie::RR*this->Tc_/this->pc_;
+
+ // Update molar emissions
+ forAll(dMassDV, i)
+ {
+ // Note: hardcoded gaseous diffusivities for now
+ // TODO: add to carrier thermo
+ const scalar beta = sqr(cbrt(15.0) + cbrt(15.0));
+ const label id =
+ td.cloud().composition().localToGlobalCarrierId(GAS, i);
+ const scalar Cp = td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[id].Cp(Ts);
+ const scalar W = td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[id].W();
+ const scalar Ni = dMassDV[i]/(this->areaS(d)*dt*W);
+
+ // Dab calc'd using API vapour mass diffusivity function
+ const scalar Dab =
+ 3.6059e-3*(pow(1.8*Ts, 1.75))*sqrt(1.0/W + 1.0/Wc)/(this->pc_*beta);
+
+ N += Ni;
+ NCpW += Ni*Cp*W;
+ Cs[id] += Ni*d/(2.0*Dab);
+ }
}
@@ -510,7 +591,7 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calcSurfaceReactions
const scalar T,
const scalar mass,
const bool canCombust,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
const scalarField& YMix,
const scalarField& YGas,
const scalarField& YLiquid,
@@ -544,7 +625,7 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calcSurfaceReactions
YLiquid,
YSolid,
YMix,
- dMassVolatile,
+ N,
dMassSRGas,
dMassSRLiquid,
dMassSRSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.H
index e4e311ed90c37ac860a52be6c7a3332ef5c11913..fabe2f6136de2182d8c67f1eeb7f3e312a6864b9 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingMultiphaseParcel/ReactingMultiphaseParcel.H
@@ -227,6 +227,8 @@ protected:
(
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt, // timestep
+ const scalar Ts, // Surface temperature
+ const scalar d, // diameter
const scalar T, // temperature
const scalar mass, // mass
const scalar mass0, // mass (initial on injection)
@@ -236,7 +238,10 @@ protected:
bool& canCombust, // 'can combust' flag
scalarField& dMassDV, // mass transfer - local to particle
scalar& Sh, // explicit particle enthalpy source
- scalar& dhsTrans // sensible enthalpy transfer to carrier
+ scalar& dhsTrans, // sensible enthalpy transfer to carrier
+ scalar& N, // flux of species emitted from particle
+ scalar& NCpW, // sum of N*Cp*W of emission species
+ scalarField& Cs // carrier conc. of emission species
) const;
//- Calculate surface reactions
@@ -250,7 +255,7 @@ protected:
const scalar T, // temperature
const scalar mass, // mass
const bool canCombust, // 'can combust' flag
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile, // mass transfer of volatiles
+ const scalar N, // flux of species emitted from particle
const scalarField& YMix, // mixture mass fractions
const scalarField& YGas, // gas-phase mass fractions
const scalarField& YLiquid,// liquid-phase mass fractions
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.C
index 3d534e39d44e30131a0aebb96ce48264ac33bed6..fdc4d91a28b4c93ead40572eab70585cb1aad74d 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.C
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ License
#include "ReactingParcel.H"
#include "mathConstants.H"
+#include "specie.H"
+
+using namespace Foam::constant;
// * * * * * * * * * * * Protected Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * //
@@ -98,6 +101,92 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::cellValueSourceCorrection
}
+template<class ParcelType>
+template<class TrackData>
+void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::correctSurfaceValues
+(
+ TrackData& td,
+ const label cellI,
+ const scalar T,
+ const scalarField& Cs,
+ scalar& rhos,
+ scalar& mus,
+ scalar& Pr,
+ scalar& kappa
+)
+{
+ // No correction if total concentration of emitted species is small
+ if (sum(Cs) < SMALL)
+ {
+ return;
+ }
+
+ // Far field gas molar fractions
+ scalarField Xinf(Y_.size());
+
+ forAll(Xinf, i)
+ {
+ Xinf[i] =
+ td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().Y(i)[cellI]
+ /td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W();
+ }
+ Xinf /= sum(Xinf);
+
+ // Molar fraction of far field species at particle surface
+ const scalar Xsff = 1.0 - min(sum(Cs)*specie::RR*this->T_/pc_, 1.0);
+
+ // Surface gas total molar concentration
+ const scalar CsTot = pc_/(specie::RR*this->T_);
+
+ // Surface carrier composition (molar fraction)
+ scalarField Xs(Xinf.size());
+
+ // Surface carrier composition (mass fraction)
+ scalarField Ys(Xinf.size());
+
+ forAll(Xs, i)
+ {
+ // Molar concentration of species at particle surface
+ const scalar Csi = Cs[i] + Xsff*Xinf[i]*CsTot;
+
+ Xs[i] = (2.0*Csi + Xinf[i]*CsTot)/3.0;
+ Ys[i] = Xs[i]*td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W();
+ }
+ Xs /= sum(Xs);
+ Ys /= sum(Ys);
+
+
+ rhos = 0;
+ mus = 0;
+ kappa = 0;
+ scalar cps = 0.0;
+ scalar sumYiSqrtW = 0;
+ scalar sumYiCbrtW = 0;
+
+ forAll(Ys, i)
+ {
+ const scalar sqrtW =
+ sqrt(td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W());
+ const scalar cbrtW =
+ cbrt(td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W());
+
+ rhos += Xs[i]*td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W();
+ cps += Xs[i]*td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].Cp(T);
+ mus += Ys[i]*sqrtW*td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].mu(T);
+ kappa +=
+ Ys[i]*cbrtW*td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].kappa(T);
+
+ sumYiSqrtW += Ys[i]*sqrtW;
+ sumYiCbrtW += Ys[i]*cbrtW;
+ }
+
+ rhos *= pc_/(specie::RR*T);
+ mus /= sumYiSqrtW;
+ kappa /= sumYiCbrtW;
+ Pr = cps*mus/kappa;
+}
+
+
template<class ParcelType>
Foam::scalar Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::updateMassFraction
(
@@ -140,6 +229,20 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
const scalar cp0 = this->cp_;
const scalar mass0 = this->mass();
+
+ // Calc surface values
+ // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ scalar Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa;
+ ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::
+ calcSurfaceValues(td, cellI, T0, Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa);
+
+ // Reynolds number
+ scalar Re = this->Re(U0, d0, mus);
+
+
+ // Sources
+ //~~~~~~~~
+
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
@@ -159,24 +262,41 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Mass transfer due to phase change
scalarField dMassPC(Y_.size(), 0.0);
+ // Molar flux of species emitted from the particle (kmol/m^2/s)
+ scalar Ne = 0.0;
+
+ // Sum Ni*Cpi*Wi of emission species
+ scalar NCpW = 0.0;
+
+ // Surface concentrations of emitted species
+ scalarField Cs(td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().species().size(), 0.0);
+
// Calc mass and enthalpy transfer due to phase change
calcPhaseChange
(
td,
dt,
cellI,
+ Ts,
+ mus/rhos,
+ Re,
d0,
T0,
- U0,
mass0,
0,
1.0,
Y_,
dMassPC,
Sh,
- dhsTrans
+ dhsTrans,
+ Ne,
+ NCpW,
+ Cs
);
+ // Correct surface values due to emitted species
+ correctSurfaceValues(td, cellI, Ts, Cs, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa);
+
// Update particle component mass and mass fractions
scalar mass1 = updateMassFraction(mass0, dMassPC, Y_);
@@ -186,14 +306,30 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Calculate new particle temperature
scalar T1 =
- calcHeatTransfer(td, dt, cellI, d0, U0, rho0, T0, cp0, Sh, dhsTrans);
+ calcHeatTransfer
+ (
+ td,
+ dt,
+ cellI,
+ Re,
+ Pr,
+ kappa,
+ d0,
+ rho0,
+ T0,
+ cp0,
+ NCpW,
+ Sh,
+ dhsTrans
+ );
// Motion
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
- vector U1 = calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
+ vector U1 =
+ calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Re, mus, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
dUTrans += 0.5*(mass0 - mass1)*(U0 + U1);
@@ -258,7 +394,7 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
}
else
{
- this->d_ = cbrt(mass1/this->rho_*6.0/constant::math::pi);
+ this->d_ = cbrt(mass1/this->rho_*6.0/math::pi);
}
}
}
@@ -271,16 +407,21 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calcPhaseChange
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt,
const label cellI,
+ const scalar Re,
+ const scalar Ts,
+ const scalar nus,
const scalar d,
const scalar T,
- const vector& U,
const scalar mass,
const label idPhase,
const scalar YPhase,
const scalarField& YComponents,
scalarField& dMassPC,
scalar& Sh,
- scalar& dhsTrans
+ scalar& dhsTrans,
+ scalar& N,
+ scalar& NCpW,
+ scalarField& Cs
)
{
if
@@ -298,12 +439,12 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calcPhaseChange
(
dt,
cellI,
+ Re,
d,
- min(T, td.constProps().Tbp()), // Limit to boiling temperature
+ nus,
+ T,
+ Ts,
pc_,
- this->Tc_,
- this->muc_/(this->rhoc_ + ROOTVSMALL),
- U - this->Uc_,
dMassPC
);
@@ -315,18 +456,38 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calcPhaseChange
// Add to cumulative phase change mass
td.cloud().addToMassPhaseChange(this->nParticle_*dMassTot);
- // Enthalphy transfer to carrier phase
- label id;
+ // Average molecular weight of carrier mix - assumes perfect gas
+ scalar Wc = this->rhoc_*specie::RR*this->Tc_/this->pc_;
+
forAll(YComponents, i)
{
- id = td.cloud().composition().localToGlobalCarrierId(idPhase, i);
- const scalar hv = td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[id].H(T);
+ const label idc =
+ td.cloud().composition().localToGlobalCarrierId(idPhase, i);
+ const scalar hv = td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[idc].H(T);
- id = td.cloud().composition().globalIds(idPhase)[i];
+ const label idl = td.cloud().composition().globalIds(idPhase)[i];
const scalar hl =
- td.cloud().composition().liquids().properties()[id].h(pc_, T);
+ td.cloud().composition().liquids().properties()[idl].h(pc_, T);
+ // Enthalphy transfer to carrier phase
Sh += dMassPC[i]*(hl - hv)/dt;
+
+ const scalar Dab =
+ td.cloud().composition().liquids().properties()[idl].D(pc_, Ts, Wc);
+
+ const scalar Cp =
+ td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[idc].Cp(Ts);
+ const scalar W = td.cloud().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[idc].W();
+ const scalar Ni = dMassPC[i]/(this->areaS(d)*dt*W);
+
+ // Molar flux of species coming from the particle (kmol/m^2/s)
+ N += Ni;
+
+ // Sum of Ni*Cpi*Wi of emission species
+ NCpW += Ni*Cp*W;
+
+ // Concentrations of emission species
+ Cs[idc] += Ni*d/(2.0*Dab);
}
}
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.H
index f17cd211714c23e918d766d2e66555cc2bb986e5..c3910a46ab7523d31b8e224677ae0cf71b1c7a37 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ReactingParcel/ReactingParcel.H
@@ -195,16 +195,21 @@ protected:
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt, // timestep
const label cellI, // owner cell
+ const scalar Re, // Reynolds number
+ const scalar Ts, // Surface temperature
+ const scalar nus, // Surface kinematic viscosity
const scalar d, // diameter
const scalar T, // temperature
- const vector& U, // velocity
const scalar mass, // mass
const label idPhase, // id of phase involved in phase change
const scalar YPhase, // total mass fraction
const scalarField& YComponents, // component mass fractions
scalarField& dMassPC, // mass transfer - local to particle
scalar& Sh, // explicit particle enthalpy source
- scalar& dhsTrans // sensible enthalpy transfer to carrier
+ scalar& dhsTrans, // sensible enthalpy transfer to carrier
+ scalar& N, // flux of species emitted from particle
+ scalar& NCpW, // sum of N*Cp*W of emission species
+ scalarField& Cs // carrier conc. of emission species
);
//- Update mass fraction
@@ -316,6 +321,20 @@ public:
const label cellI
);
+ //- Correct surface values due to emitted species
+ template<class TrackData>
+ void correctSurfaceValues
+ (
+ TrackData& td,
+ const label cellI,
+ const scalar T,
+ const scalarField& Cs,
+ scalar& rhos,
+ scalar& mus,
+ scalar& Pr,
+ scalar& kappa
+ );
+
//- Update parcel properties over the time interval
template<class TrackData>
void calc
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.C
index 8bd9a3a1268ef1e4e09f7847930a4a959b2e6374..94b71f7d1ae5874af0bac578b3afbda22ac28f77 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.C
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ License
#include "ThermoParcel.H"
#include "physicoChemicalConstants.H"
+using namespace Foam::constant;
+
// * * * * * * * * * * * Protected Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * //
template<class ParcelType>
@@ -78,6 +80,33 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::cellValueSourceCorrection
}
+template<class ParcelType>
+template<class TrackData>
+void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcSurfaceValues
+(
+ TrackData& td,
+ const label cellI,
+ const scalar T,
+ scalar& Ts,
+ scalar& rhos,
+ scalar& mus,
+ scalar& Pr,
+ scalar& kappa
+) const
+{
+ // Surface temperature using two thirds rule
+ Ts = (2.0*T + Tc_)/3.0;
+
+ // Assuming thermo props vary linearly with T for small dT
+ scalar factor = td.TInterp().interpolate(this->position(), cellI)/Ts;
+ rhos = this->rhoc_*factor;
+ mus = td.muInterp().interpolate(this->position(), cellI)/factor;
+
+ Pr = td.constProps().Pr();
+ kappa = cpc_*mus/Pr;
+}
+
+
template<class ParcelType>
template<class TrackData>
void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
@@ -97,6 +126,19 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
const scalar cp0 = this->cp_;
const scalar mass0 = this->mass();
+
+ // Calc surface values
+ // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ scalar Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa;
+ calcSurfaceValues(td, cellI, T0, Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappa);
+
+ // Reynolds number
+ scalar Re = this->Re(U0, d0, mus);
+
+
+ // Sources
+ // ~~~~~~~
+
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
@@ -109,19 +151,39 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Sensible enthalpy transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
scalar dhsTrans = 0.0;
+
// Heat transfer
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ // Sum Ni*Cpi*Wi of emission species
+ scalar NCpW = 0.0;
+
// Calculate new particle velocity
scalar T1 =
- calcHeatTransfer(td, dt, cellI, d0, U0, rho0, T0, cp0, Sh, dhsTrans);
+ calcHeatTransfer
+ (
+ td,
+ dt,
+ cellI,
+ Re,
+ Pr,
+ kappa,
+ d0,
+ rho0,
+ T0,
+ cp0,
+ NCpW,
+ Sh,
+ dhsTrans
+ );
// Motion
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
- vector U1 = calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
+ vector U1 =
+ calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Re, mus, d0, U0, rho0, mass0, Su, dUTrans);
// Accumulate carrier phase source terms
@@ -149,11 +211,14 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt,
const label cellI,
+ const scalar Re,
+ const scalar Pr,
+ const scalar kappa,
const scalar d,
- const vector& U,
const scalar rho,
const scalar T,
const scalar cp,
+ const scalar NCpW,
const scalar Sh,
scalar& dhsTrans
)
@@ -164,16 +229,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
}
// Calc heat transfer coefficient
- scalar htc = td.cloud().heatTransfer().h
- (
- d,
- U - this->Uc_,
- this->rhoc_,
- rho,
- cpc_,
- cp,
- this->muc_
- );
+ scalar htc = td.cloud().heatTransfer().htc(d, Re, Pr, kappa, NCpW);
const scalar As = this->areaS(d);
@@ -189,7 +245,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
{
const scalarField& G =
td.cloud().mesh().objectRegistry::lookupObject<volScalarField>("G");
- const scalar sigma = constant::physicoChemical::sigma.value();
+ const scalar sigma = physicoChemical::sigma.value();
const scalar epsilon = td.constProps().epsilon0();
ap =
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.H
index c11fecd11dc9166cfe5f1753686cf6bcd6030132..f0e728bc1f638a7d1702f37c6c516026db6aba17 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcel.H
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@ public:
//- Particle scattering factor [] (radiation)
const scalar f0_;
+ //- Default carrier Prandtl number []
+ const scalar Pr_;
+
public:
@@ -124,6 +127,9 @@ public:
//- Return const access to the particle scattering factor []
// Active for radiation only
inline scalar f0() const;
+
+ //- Return const access to the default carrier Prandtl number []
+ inline scalar Pr() const;
};
@@ -217,11 +223,14 @@ protected:
TrackData& td,
const scalar dt, // timestep
const label cellI, // owner cell
+ const scalar Re, // Reynolds number
+ const scalar Pr, // Prandtl number - surface
+ const scalar kappa, // Thermal conductivity - surface
const scalar d, // diameter
- const vector& U, // velocity
const scalar rho, // density
const scalar T, // temperature
const scalar cp, // specific heat capacity
+ const scalar NCpW, // Sum of N*Cp*W of emission species
const scalar Sh, // explicit particle enthalpy source
scalar& dhsTrans // sensible enthalpy transfer to carrier
);
@@ -323,6 +332,20 @@ public:
const label cellI
);
+ //- Calculate surface thermo properties
+ template<class TrackData>
+ void calcSurfaceValues
+ (
+ TrackData& td,
+ const label cellI,
+ const scalar T,
+ scalar& Ts,
+ scalar& rhos,
+ scalar& mus,
+ scalar& Pr,
+ scalar& kappa
+ ) const;
+
//- Update parcel properties over the time interval
template<class TrackData>
void calc
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcelI.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcelI.H
index 8ce0cb56915196a30a7348af7582c64161d17523..284c46eb4222270904c6a16fa7006c2c6ebe2437 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcelI.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/Templates/ThermoParcel/ThermoParcelI.H
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ inline Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::constantProperties::constantProperties
TMin_(dimensionedScalar(this->dict().lookup("TMin")).value()),
cp0_(dimensionedScalar(this->dict().lookup("cp0")).value()),
epsilon0_(dimensionedScalar(this->dict().lookup("epsilon0")).value()),
- f0_(dimensionedScalar(this->dict().lookup("f0")).value())
+ f0_(dimensionedScalar(this->dict().lookup("f0")).value()),
+ Pr_(dimensionedScalar(this->dict().lookup("Pr")).value())
{}
@@ -159,6 +160,14 @@ Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::constantProperties::f0() const
}
+template <class ParcelType>
+inline Foam::scalar
+Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::constantProperties::Pr() const
+{
+ return Pr_;
+}
+
+
// * * * * * * * * * * * trackData Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * //
template<class ParcelType>
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeParcelHeatTransferModels.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeParcelHeatTransferModels.H
index a2ce1942020b529d3ec1c651296ae8bc53ebeead..b55cdebd96788c98bc2cc3c0c12adf0303745354 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeParcelHeatTransferModels.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeParcelHeatTransferModels.H
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ License
#include "NoHeatTransfer.H"
#include "RanzMarshall.H"
+#include "RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.H"
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
@@ -52,6 +53,12 @@ License
ThermoCloud, \
ParcelType \
); \
+ makeHeatTransferModelType \
+ ( \
+ RanzMarshallBirdCorrection, \
+ ThermoCloud, \
+ ParcelType \
+ );
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeReactingParcelHeatTransferModels.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeReactingParcelHeatTransferModels.H
index 0bfe7af9a8a6e3222cead0703e94ae700e5ba107..e26f99e25ca2353232faa0e953809adfe341401e 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeReactingParcelHeatTransferModels.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/parcels/include/makeReactingParcelHeatTransferModels.H
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ License
#include "NoHeatTransfer.H"
#include "RanzMarshall.H"
+#include "RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.H"
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
@@ -74,6 +75,13 @@ License
ParcelType, \
ThermoType \
); \
+ makeHeatTransferModelThermoType \
+ ( \
+ RanzMarshallBirdCorrection, \
+ ThermoCloud, \
+ ParcelType, \
+ ThermoType \
+ );
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.C
index ae4e2a20629b5a917668e0787509f05f0bec7549..8fd449e75648c4702eff30750cbd3cfcd52507e3 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.C
@@ -66,19 +66,14 @@ const Foam::dictionary& Foam::DragModel<CloudType>::dict() const
template<class CloudType>
Foam::scalar Foam::DragModel<CloudType>::utc
(
- const vector& Ur,
+ const scalar Re,
const scalar d,
- const scalar rhoc,
const scalar mu
) const
{
- const scalar magUr = mag(Ur);
-
- const scalar Re = rhoc*magUr*d/(mu + ROOTVSMALL);
-
const scalar Cd = this->Cd(Re);
- return Cd*rhoc*magUr/8.0;
+ return Cd*Re/d*mu/8.0;
}
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.H
index 4b4d6c4dd83b46efae005017e1759445e3705326..e0c60b526e584bb0ab28ff58dba0fe1bc7c4edb6 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DragModel/DragModel/DragModel.H
@@ -122,13 +122,7 @@ public:
//- Return momentum transfer coefficient
// Drag force per unit particle surface area = utc(U - Up)
- scalar utc
- (
- const vector& Ur,
- const scalar d,
- const scalar rhoc,
- const scalar mu
- ) const;
+ scalar utc(const scalar Re, const scalar d, const scalar mu) const;
};
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.C
index 324e4f80bc8f279af55a0da190caab3b796f92fc..ae1ee890744884cfc7713b31b38bc4167a755137 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.C
@@ -38,15 +38,14 @@ Foam::scalarField Foam::LiquidEvaporation<CloudType>::calcXc
{
scalarField Xc(this->owner().mcCarrierThermo().Y().size());
- scalar Winv = 0.0;
forAll(Xc, i)
{
- scalar Y = this->owner().mcCarrierThermo().Y()[i][cellI];
- Winv += Y/this->owner().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W();
- Xc[i] = Y/this->owner().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W();
+ Xc[i] =
+ this->owner().mcCarrierThermo().Y()[i][cellI]
+ /this->owner().mcCarrierThermo().speciesData()[i].W();
}
- return Xc/Winv;
+ return Xc/sum(Xc);
}
@@ -136,12 +135,12 @@ void Foam::LiquidEvaporation<CloudType>::calculate
(
const scalar dt,
const label cellI,
+ const scalar Re,
const scalar d,
+ const scalar nu,
const scalar T,
+ const scalar Ts,
const scalar pc,
- const scalar Tc,
- const scalar nuc,
- const vector& Ur,
scalarField& dMassPC
) const
{
@@ -151,29 +150,25 @@ void Foam::LiquidEvaporation<CloudType>::calculate
// droplet surface area
scalar A = constant::math::pi*sqr(d);
- // Reynolds number
- scalar Re = mag(Ur)*d/(nuc + ROOTVSMALL);
-
- // film temperature evaluated using the 2/3 rule
- scalar Tf = (2.0*T + Tc)/3.0;
-
// calculate mass transfer of each specie in liquid
forAll(activeLiquids_, i)
{
label gid = liqToCarrierMap_[i];
label lid = liqToLiqMap_[i];
- // vapour diffusivity at film temperature and cell pressure [m2/s]
- scalar Dab = liquids_->properties()[lid].D(pc, Tf);
+ // vapour diffusivity [m2/s]
+ scalar Dab = liquids_->properties()[lid].D(pc, Ts);
- // saturation pressure for species i at film temperature and cell
- // pressure [pa] - carrier phase pressure assumed equal to the liquid
- // vapour pressure close to the surface
- // - limited to pc if pSat > pc
- scalar pSat = min(liquids_->properties()[lid].pv(pc, Tf), pc);
+ // Saturation pressure for species i [pa]
+ // - carrier phase pressure assumed equal to the liquid vapour pressure
+ // close to the surface
+ // NOTE: if pSat > pc then particle is superheated
+ // calculated evaporation rate will be greater than that of a particle
+ // at boiling point, but this is not a boiling model
+ scalar pSat = liquids_->properties()[lid].pv(pc, T);
// Schmidt number
- scalar Sc = nuc/(Dab + ROOTVSMALL);
+ scalar Sc = nu/(Dab + ROOTVSMALL);
// Sherwood number
scalar Sh = this->Sh(Re, Sc);
@@ -181,11 +176,11 @@ void Foam::LiquidEvaporation<CloudType>::calculate
// mass transfer coefficient [m/s]
scalar kc = Sh*Dab/(d + ROOTVSMALL);
- // vapour concentration at droplet surface at film temperature [kmol/m3]
- scalar Cs = pSat/(specie::RR*Tf);
+ // vapour concentration at droplet surface [kmol/m3] at film temperature
+ scalar Cs = pSat/(specie::RR*Ts);
- // vapour concentration in bulk gas at film temperature [kmol/m3]
- scalar Cinf = Xc[gid]*pc/(specie::RR*Tf);
+ // vapour concentration in bulk gas [kmol/m3] at film temperature
+ scalar Cinf = Xc[gid]*pc/(specie::RR*Ts);
// molar flux of vapour [kmol/m2/s]
scalar Ni = max(kc*(Cs - Cinf), 0.0);
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.H
index 6f0bf06c4b6387202d42aa66ae90988a5bf0c41e..2426f374c8bf808ea53a7604f26086f98f664b63 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation/LiquidEvaporation.H
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ public:
(
const scalar dt,
const label cellI,
+ const scalar Re,
const scalar d,
+ const scalar nu,
const scalar T,
+ const scalar Ts,
const scalar pc,
- const scalar Tc,
- const scalar nuc,
- const vector& Ur,
scalarField& dMassPC
) const;
};
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.C
index 32a0c449eaed93fe6666ec5d5d0d4520a54dcc68..f6b51d6b9abe5004d4c928776c39a7fd36a83da2 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.C
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void Foam::NoPhaseChange<CloudType>::calculate
const scalar,
const scalar,
const scalar,
- const vector&,
+ const scalar,
scalarField&
) const
{
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.H
index 3b6effa40292cbf645fb3ad174941b5ed165d25a..95fb6201ae2fb1d8934806228ac86b00cce2c0af 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange/NoPhaseChange.H
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ public:
(
const scalar dt,
const label cellI,
+ const scalar Re,
const scalar d,
+ const scalar nu,
const scalar T,
+ const scalar Ts,
const scalar pc,
- const scalar Tc,
- const scalar nuc,
- const vector& Ur,
scalarField& dMassPC
) const;
};
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel.H
index 7445ea6264ca0d8d31dd69d9769d0ad109338701..e19856a0648c83c7cf70386ad7e3c60f0fd01f4d 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel.H
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@ public:
(
const scalar dt,
const label cellI,
+ const scalar Re,
const scalar d,
+ const scalar nu,
const scalar T,
+ const scalar Ts,
const scalar pc,
- const scalar Tc,
- const scalar nuc,
- const vector& Ur,
scalarField& dMassPC
) const = 0;
};
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.C
index 53eecf01f92c3452f6abd714291d02f765c644bf..c6fb74f00d8e00ad01d5c12a2a0893a06a1916d3 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.C
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::NoSurfaceReaction<CloudType>::calculate
const scalarField&,
const scalarField&,
const scalarField&,
- const scalarField&,
+ const scalar,
scalarField&,
scalarField&,
scalarField&,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.H
index d3c99ebd5dad8546cda80b8469a8a0bdab536ee3..da002eaf1f276ccf6e9fdf75c5e007726b659c04 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction/NoSurfaceReaction.H
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public:
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel.H
index f876563fec613eadc020828d1ab89e9cea0bcaf9..f22cc2acac452c3c68900ceda3b76ba1c0bd3b81 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel.H
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public:
const scalarField& YLiquid,
const scalarField& YSolid,
const scalarField& YMixture,
- const scalarField& dMassVolatile,
+ const scalar N,
scalarField& dMassGas,
scalarField& dMassLiquid,
scalarField& dMassSolid,
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.C
index 37b5276269d3f01e9563f6f4b087c13afc63647a..3db839ea15a41d3f56c13500b0e30227ab70c60e 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.C
@@ -82,57 +82,21 @@ const Foam::dictionary& Foam::HeatTransferModel<CloudType>::coeffDict() const
template<class CloudType>
-Foam::scalar Foam::HeatTransferModel<CloudType>::h
+Foam::scalar Foam::HeatTransferModel<CloudType>::htc
(
const scalar dp,
- const vector& Ur,
- const scalar rhoc,
- const scalar rhop,
- const scalar cpc,
- const scalar cpp,
- const scalar muc
+ const scalar Re,
+ const scalar Pr,
+ const scalar kappa,
+ const scalar NCpW
) const
{
- const scalar Re = rhoc*mag(Ur)*dp/(muc + ROOTVSMALL);
-
-// const scalar Pr = muc/alphac;
- const scalar Pr = this->Pr();
-
const scalar Nu = this->Nu(Re, Pr);
- const scalar kappa = cpc*muc/Pr;
-
return Nu*kappa/dp;
}
-template<class CloudType>
-Foam::scalar Foam::HeatTransferModel<CloudType>::Cu
-(
- const scalar dp,
- const vector& Ur,
- const scalar rhoc,
- const scalar rhop,
- const scalar cpc,
- const scalar cpp,
- const scalar muc
-) const
-{
- const scalar Re = rhoc*mag(Ur)*dp/(muc + ROOTVSMALL);
-
-// const scalar Pr = muc/alphac;
- const scalar Pr = this->Pr();
-
- const scalar Nu = this->Nu(Re, Pr);
-
- const scalar kappa = cpc*muc/Pr;
-
- const scalar htc = Nu*kappa/dp;
-
- return 6.0*htc/(dp*rhop*cpp);
-}
-
-
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
#include "NewHeatTransferModel.C"
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.H
index baf61f2395e973377c975c5f21b4c8f5c6b313fd..44cf7c392890f29e8f9b5c61273217450d8f149f 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel.H
@@ -138,27 +138,13 @@ public:
virtual scalar Pr() const = 0;
//- Return heat transfer coefficient
- virtual scalar h
+ virtual scalar htc
(
const scalar dp,
- const vector& Ur,
- const scalar rhoc,
- const scalar rhop,
- const scalar cpc,
- const scalar cpp,
- const scalar muc
- ) const;
-
- //- Return linearised coefficient for temperature equation
- virtual scalar Cu
- (
- const scalar dp,
- const vector& Ur,
- const scalar rhoc,
- const scalar rhop,
- const scalar cpc,
- const scalar cpp,
- const scalar muc
+ const scalar Re,
+ const scalar Pr,
+ const scalar kappa,
+ const scalar NCpW
) const;
};
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.C
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ea771fcc1d5e538aa0858be6384de34b020b715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.C
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+ ========= |
+ \\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+ \\ / O peration |
+ \\ / A nd | Copyright (C) 1991-2009 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ \\/ M anipulation |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+ This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+ OpenFOAM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ option) any later version.
+
+ OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with OpenFOAM; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template <class CloudType>
+Foam::RanzMarshallBirdCorrection<CloudType>::RanzMarshallBirdCorrection
+(
+ const dictionary& dict,
+ CloudType& cloud
+)
+:
+ RanzMarshall<CloudType>(dict, cloud)
+{}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Destructor * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template <class CloudType>
+Foam::RanzMarshallBirdCorrection<CloudType>::~RanzMarshallBirdCorrection()
+{}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template<class CloudType>
+Foam::scalar Foam::RanzMarshallBirdCorrection<CloudType>::htc
+(
+ const scalar dp,
+ const scalar Re,
+ const scalar Pr,
+ const scalar kappa,
+ const scalar NCpW
+) const
+{
+ scalar htc = RanzMarshall<CloudType>::htc(dp, Re, Pr, kappa, NCpW);
+
+ // Bird correction
+ if (mag(htc) > ROOTVSMALL && mag(NCpW) > ROOTVSMALL)
+ {
+ const scalar phit = min(NCpW/htc, 50);
+ scalar fBird = 1.0;
+ if (phit > 0.001)
+ {
+ fBird = phit/(exp(phit) - 1.0);
+ }
+ htc *= fBird;
+ }
+
+ return htc;
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.H
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8efca9f587441b9dc7bcc6b7e0ee92b3a9c48da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection/RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.H
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+ ========= |
+ \\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+ \\ / O peration |
+ \\ / A nd | Copyright (C) 1991-2009 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ \\/ M anipulation |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+ This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+ OpenFOAM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ option) any later version.
+
+ OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with OpenFOAM; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+
+Class
+ Foam::RanzMarshallBirdCorrection
+
+Description
+ The Ranz-Marshall correlation for heat transfer with the Bird correction
+ to account for the local shielding effect due to emitted species.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef RanzMarshallBirdCorrection_H
+#define RanzMarshallBirdCorrection_H
+
+#include "RanzMarshall.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+ Class RanzMarshallBirdCorrection Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+template <class CloudType>
+class RanzMarshallBirdCorrection
+:
+ public RanzMarshall<CloudType>
+{
+
+public:
+
+ //- Runtime type information
+ TypeName("RanzMarshallBirdCorrection");
+
+
+ // Constructors
+
+ //- Construct from dictionary
+ RanzMarshallBirdCorrection
+ (
+ const dictionary& dict,
+ CloudType& cloud
+ );
+
+
+ //- Destructor
+ virtual ~RanzMarshallBirdCorrection();
+
+
+ // Member Functions
+
+ //- Return heat transfer coefficient
+ virtual scalar htc
+ (
+ const scalar dp,
+ const scalar Re,
+ const scalar Pr,
+ const scalar kappa,
+ const scalar NCpW
+ ) const;
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#ifdef NoRepository
+# include "RanzMarshallBirdCorrection.C"
+#endif
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //