diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
index bcef5dc457eb3b28a4d05871ff0cc11bc5f45ca7..44762958a9eec0b34568cac02a7c43e65ff667b2 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2017-2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2017-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -32,9 +32,20 @@ License
#include "fvMatrix.H"
#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
-
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+const Foam::Enum
+<
+ Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::blendingType
+>
+Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::blendingTypeNames
+({
+ { blendingType::STEPWISE , "stepwise" },
+ { blendingType::MAX , "max" },
+ { blendingType::BINOMIAL , "binomial" },
+ { blendingType::EXPONENTIAL, "exponential" }
+});
+
Foam::scalar Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::tolerance_ = 1e-5;
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * Protected Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * //
@@ -106,17 +117,17 @@ void Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::createAveragingWeights()
epsilonPatches.append(patchi);
const labelUList& faceCells = bf[patchi].patch().faceCells();
- forAll(faceCells, i)
+ for (const auto& faceCell : faceCells)
{
- weights[faceCells[i]]++;
+ ++weights[faceCell];
}
}
}
cornerWeights_.setSize(bf.size());
- forAll(epsilonPatches, i)
+
+ for (const auto& patchi : epsilonPatches)
{
- label patchi = epsilonPatches[i];
const fvPatchScalarField& wf = weights.boundaryField()[patchi];
cornerWeights_[patchi] = 1.0/wf.patchInternalField();
}
@@ -217,24 +228,71 @@ void Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::calculate
const scalar w = cornerWeights[facei];
- // Default high-Re form
- scalar epsilonc = w*Cmu75*pow(k[celli], 1.5)/(nutw.kappa()*y[facei]);
- scalar Gc =
- w
- *(nutw[facei] + nuw[facei])
- *magGradUw[facei]
- *Cmu25*sqrt(k[celli])
- /(nutw.kappa()*y[facei]);
+ scalar epsilonBlended = 0.0;
- if (lowReCorrection_ && yPlus < nutw.yPlusLam())
+ // Contribution from the viscous sublayer
+ const scalar epsilonVis = w*2.0*k[celli]*nuw[facei]/sqr(y[facei]);
+
+ // Contribution from the inertial sublayer
+ const scalar epsilonLog =
+ w*Cmu75*pow(k[celli], 1.5)/(nutw.kappa()*y[facei]);
+
+ switch (blending_)
{
- epsilonc = w*2.0*k[celli]*nuw[facei]/sqr(y[facei]);
- Gc = 0;
+ case blendingType::STEPWISE:
+ {
+ if (lowReCorrection_ && yPlus < nutw.yPlusLam())
+ {
+ epsilonBlended = epsilonVis;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ epsilonBlended = epsilonLog;
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::MAX:
+ {
+ // (PH:Eq. 27)
+ epsilonBlended = max(epsilonVis, epsilonLog);
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::BINOMIAL:
+ {
+ // (ME:Eqs. 15-16)
+ epsilonBlended =
+ pow
+ (
+ pow(epsilonVis, n_) + pow(epsilonLog, n_),
+ 1.0/n_
+ );
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::EXPONENTIAL:
+ {
+ // (PH:p. 193)
+ const scalar Gamma = 0.001*pow4(yPlus)/(1.0 + yPlus);
+ const scalar invGamma = 1.0/(Gamma + ROOTVSMALL);
+ epsilonBlended =
+ epsilonVis*exp(-Gamma) + epsilonLog*exp(-invGamma);
+ break;
+ }
}
- epsilon0[celli] += epsilonc;
+ epsilon0[celli] += epsilonBlended;
- G0[celli] += Gc;
+ if (!(lowReCorrection_ && yPlus < nutw.yPlusLam()))
+ {
+ G0[celli] +=
+ w
+ *(nutw[facei] + nuw[facei])
+ *magGradUw[facei]
+ *Cmu25*sqrt(k[celli])
+ /(nutw.kappa()*y[facei]);
+ }
}
}
@@ -249,6 +307,8 @@ epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(p, iF),
+ blending_(blendingType::STEPWISE),
+ n_(2.0),
lowReCorrection_(false),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
@@ -268,6 +328,8 @@ epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(ptf, p, iF, mapper),
+ blending_(ptf.blending_),
+ n_(ptf.n_),
lowReCorrection_(ptf.lowReCorrection_),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
@@ -286,6 +348,24 @@ epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(p, iF, dict),
+ blending_
+ (
+ blendingTypeNames.getOrDefault
+ (
+ "blending",
+ dict,
+ blendingType::STEPWISE
+ )
+ ),
+ n_
+ (
+ dict.getCheckOrDefault<scalar>
+ (
+ "n",
+ 2.0,
+ scalarMinMax::ge(0)
+ )
+ ),
lowReCorrection_(dict.getOrDefault("lowReCorrection", false)),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
@@ -305,6 +385,8 @@ epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(ewfpsf),
+ blending_(ewfpsf.blending_),
+ n_(ewfpsf.n_),
lowReCorrection_(ewfpsf.lowReCorrection_),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
@@ -322,6 +404,8 @@ epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(ewfpsf, iF),
+ blending_(ewfpsf.blending_),
+ n_(ewfpsf.n_),
lowReCorrection_(ewfpsf.lowReCorrection_),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
@@ -459,7 +543,7 @@ void Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::updateWeightedCoeffs
{
const scalar w = weights[facei];
- if (tolerance_ < w)
+ if (w > tolerance_)
{
const label celli = patch().faceCells()[facei];
@@ -509,7 +593,7 @@ void Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::manipulateMatrix
forAll(weights, facei)
{
// Only set the values if the weights are > tolerance
- if (tolerance_ < weights[facei])
+ if (weights[facei] > tolerance_)
{
const label celli = faceCells[facei];
@@ -538,6 +622,9 @@ void Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::write
) const
{
os.writeEntry("lowReCorrection", lowReCorrection_);
+ os.writeKeyword("blending") << blendingTypeNames[blending_]
+ << token::END_STATEMENT << nl;
+ os.writeEntry("n", n_);
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>::write(os);
}
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index df36a92625d24745b4a2e8b72328ab78cc4c5a06..c985b5dbeb0a000a4ef2332b7819daffd4a3f9be 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/epsilonWallFunctions/epsilonWallFunction/epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016, 2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -31,52 +31,138 @@ Group
grpWallFunctions
Description
- This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on turbulent kinetic
- energy dissipation rate, i.e. \c epsilon, for low- and high-Reynolds number
- turbulence models.
+ This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent kinetic
+ energy dissipation rate, i.e. \c epsilon, and the turbulent kinetic
+ energy production contribution, i.e. \c G, for low- and high-Reynolds
+ number turbulence models.
- The condition can be applied to wall boundaries for which it
- - calculates \c epsilon and \c G
- - specifies the near-wall \c epsilon value
-
- where
- \vartable
- epsilon | turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate field
- G | turbulent kinetic energy production field (divergence-free)
- \endvartable
-
- The low-Re correction is activated by setting the entry
- \c lowReCorrection to 'on'; in this mode the model switches between
- viscous and turbulent functions based on the viscous-to-turbulent
- \c y+ value derived from the \c kappa and \c E.
-
- When the \c lowReCorrection is inactive, the wall function operates
- in high-Re mode.
+ Reference:
+ \verbatim
+ Binomial blending of the viscous and inertial sublayers (tag:ME):
+ Menter, F., & Esch, T. (2001).
+ Elements of industrial heat transfer prediction.
+ In Proceedings of the 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical
+ Engineering (COBEM), November 2001. vol. 20, p. 117-127.
+
+ Exponential/Max blending of the viscous and inertial sublayers (tag:PH):
+ Popovac, M., & Hanjalić, K. (2007).
+ Compound wall treatment for RANS computation of complex
+ turbulent flows and heat transfer.
+ Flow, turbulence and combustion, 78(2), 177-202.
+ DOI:10.1007/s10494-006-9067-x
+ \endverbatim
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- lowReCorrection | Low-Re correction active | no | off
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
- type epsilonWallFunction;
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
+ type epsilonWallFunction;
+
+ // Optional entries (unmodifiable)
+ lowReCorrection false;
+ blending stepwise;
+ n 2.0;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: epsilonWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ lowReCorrection | Flag for low-Re correction | bool | no | false
+ blending | Viscous/inertial sublayer blending method <!--
+ --> | word | no | stepwise
+ n | Binomial blending exponent | scalar | no | 2.0
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link fixedValueFvPatchField.H \endlink
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
+
+ Options for the \c blending entry:
+ \verbatim
+ stepwise | Stepwise switch (discontinuous)
+ max | Maximum value switch (discontinuous)
+ binomial | Binomial blending (smooth)
+ exponential | Exponential blending (smooth)
+ \endverbatim
+
+ wherein \c epsilon predictions for the viscous and inertial sublayers are
+ blended according to the following expressions:
+
+ - \c stepwise (default):
+
+ \f[
+ \epsilon = \epsilon_{vis} \qquad if \quad y^+ < y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+ \f[
+ \epsilon = \epsilon_{log} \qquad if \quad y^+ >= y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+
+ where
+ \vartable
+ \epsilon | \f$\epsilon\f$ at \f$y^+\f$
+ \epsilon_{vis} | \f$\epsilon\f$ computed by viscous subl. assumptions
+ \epsilon_{log} | \f$\epsilon\f$ computed by inertial subl. assumptions
+ y^+ | estimated wall-normal height of the cell centre in wall units
+ y^+_{lam} | estimated intersection of the viscous and inertial sublayers
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ - \c max (PH:Eq. 27):
+
+ \f[
+ \epsilon = max(\epsilon_{vis}, \epsilon_{log})
+ \f]
+
+
+ - \c binomial (ME:Eqs. 15-16):
+
+ \f[
+ \epsilon = ((\epsilon_{vis})^n + (\epsilon_{log})^n)^{1/n}
+ \f]
+ where
+ \vartable
+ n | Binomial blending exponent
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ - \c exponential (PH:Eq. 32):
+
+ \f[
+ \epsilon = \epsilon_{vis} \exp[-\Gamma] +\epsilon_{log} \exp[-1/\Gamma]
+ \f]
+ where (PH:p. 193)
+ \vartable
+ \Gamma_\epsilon | \f$\Gamma = 0.001 (y^+)^4 / (1.0 + y^+)\f$
+ \Gamma_G | \f$\Gamma = 0.01 (y^+)^4 / (1.0 + 5.0 y^+)\f$
+ \Gamma_\epsilon | Blending expression for \f$\epsilon\f$
+ \Gamma_G | Blending expression for \f$G\f$
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ \c G predictions for the viscous and inertial sublayers are blended
+ in a stepwise manner, and \c G below \f$y^+_{lam}\f$ (i.e. in the viscous
+ sublayer) is presumed to be zero.
+
Note
- The coefficients \c Cmu, \c kappa, and \c E are obtained from
+ - The coefficients \c Cmu, \c kappa, and \c E are obtained from
the specified \c nutWallFunction in order to ensure that each patch
possesses the same set of values for these coefficients.
+ - \c lowReCorrection operates with only \c stepwise blending treatment to
+ ensure the backward compatibility.
+ - If \c lowReCorrection is \c on, \c stepwise blending treatment is fully
+ active.
+ - If \c lowReCorrection is \c off, only the inertial sublayer prediction
+ is used in the wall function, hence high-Re mode operation.
See also
- Foam::fixedInternalValueFvPatchField
+ - Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
SourceFiles
epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -103,6 +189,33 @@ class epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
:
public fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>
{
+private:
+
+ // Private Enumerations
+
+ //- Options for the blending treatment of viscous and inertial sublayers
+ enum blendingType
+ {
+ STEPWISE, //!< "Stepwise switch (discontinuous)"
+ MAX, //!< "Maximum value switch (discontinuous)"
+ BINOMIAL, //!< "Binomial blending (smooth)"
+ EXPONENTIAL //!< "Exponential blending (smooth)"
+ };
+
+ //- Names for blendingType
+ static const Enum<blendingType> blendingTypeNames;
+
+
+ // Private Data
+
+ //- Blending treatment (default = blendingType::STEPWISE)
+ const enum blendingType blending_;
+
+ //- Binomial blending exponent being used when
+ //- blendingType is blendingType::BINOMIAL (default = 2)
+ const scalar n_;
+
+
protected:
// Protected Data
@@ -110,8 +223,8 @@ protected:
//- Tolerance used in weighted calculations
static scalar tolerance_;
- //- Apply low-Re correction term; default = no
- bool lowReCorrection_;
+ //- Apply low-Re correction term (default = no)
+ const bool lowReCorrection_;
//- Initialised flag
bool initialised_;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
index f8430c23942fa285306e6440c3092cfbd803a249..66aedbafce70d786c4b9aafdf43f5f5297796406 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -72,7 +72,15 @@ Foam::kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(p, iF, dict),
- Ceps2_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("Ceps2", 1.9)),
+ Ceps2_
+ (
+ dict.getCheckOrDefault<scalar>
+ (
+ "Ceps2",
+ 1.9,
+ scalarMinMax::ge(SMALL)
+ )
+ ),
Ck_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("Ck", -0.416)),
Bk_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("Bk", 8.366)),
C_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("C", 11.0))
@@ -145,12 +153,10 @@ void Foam::kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::updateCoeffs()
forAll(kw, facei)
{
const label celli = patch().faceCells()[facei];
-
const scalar uTau = Cmu25*sqrt(k[celli]);
-
const scalar yPlus = uTau*y[facei]/nuw[facei];
- if (nutw.yPlusLam() < yPlus)
+ if (yPlus > nutw.yPlusLam())
{
kw[facei] = Ck_/nutw.kappa()*log(yPlus) + Bk_;
}
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index d274e74cccb6e9511b8b47ebf643939247df5096..0268ee2357255f622d016335284c9b3c4bc4f70a 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kLowReWallFunction/kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2012-2016, 2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -31,39 +31,66 @@ Group
grpWallFunctions
Description
- This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on turbulent kinetic
+ This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent kinetic
energy, i.e. \c k, for low- and high-Reynolds number turbulence models.
- The model operates in two modes, based on the computed viscous-to-turbulent
- switch-over \c y+ value derived from \c kappa and \c E.
-
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Ceps2 | Model coefficient | no | 1.9
- Ck | Model coefficient | no | -0.416
- Bk | Model coefficient | no | 8.366
- C | Model coefficient | no | 11.0
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type kLowReWallFunction;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional entries (unmodifiable)
+ Ceps2 1.9;
+ Ck -0.416;
+ Bk 8.366;
+ C 11.0;
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: kLowReWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ Ceps2 | Model coefficient | scalar | no | 1.9
+ Ck | Model coefficient | scalar | no | -0.416
+ Bk | Model coefficient | scalar | no | 8.366
+ C | Model coefficient | scalar | no | 11.0
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link fixedValueFvPatchField.H \endlink
+
+ Viscous and inertial sublayer predictions for \c k are blended in
+ a stepwise manner:
+
+ \f[
+ k = k_{log} \qquad if \quad y^+ > y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+ \f[
+ k = k_{vis} \qquad if \quad y^+ <= y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+ where
+ \vartable
+ k_{vis} | k prediction in the viscous sublayer
+ k_{log} | k prediction in the inertial sublayer
+ y^+ | estimated wall-normal height of the cell centre in wall units
+ y^+_{lam} | estimated intersection of the viscous and inertial sublayers
+ \endvartable
+
Note
The coefficients \c Cmu, \c kappa, and \c E are obtained from
the specified \c nutWallFunction in order to ensure that each patch
possesses the same set of values for these coefficients.
See also
- Foam::fixedValueFvPatchField
+ - Foam::fixedValueFvPatchField
+ - Foam::kqRWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
SourceFiles
kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -129,7 +156,7 @@ public:
);
//- Construct by mapping given kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
- // onto a new patch
+ //- onto a new patch
kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
(
const kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField&,
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kqRWallFunction/kqRWallFunctionFvPatchField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kqRWallFunction/kqRWallFunctionFvPatchField.H
index a81b4a31cb9b721d63367b836a72ab210c0a8d71..24ae0d5f1c889702fdcaed8c182ae830d3edb779 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kqRWallFunction/kqRWallFunctionFvPatchField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/kqRWallFunctions/kqRWallFunction/kqRWallFunctionFvPatchField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2017, 2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -40,13 +40,22 @@ Usage
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type kqRWallFunction;
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-See also
- Foam::zeroGradientFvPatchField
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: kqRWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link zeroGradientFvPatchField.H \endlink
SourceFiles
kqRWallFunctionFvPatchField.C
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutLowReWallFunction/nutLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutLowReWallFunction/nutLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 5dbb04510f6e938316b4052d030e6f863b9fa704..d43f5458479b8adc49691436e1e546061cd95fd3 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutLowReWallFunction/nutLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutLowReWallFunction/nutLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016, 2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -32,30 +32,30 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
- kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut for use with low Reynolds number models.
+ viscosity, i.e. \c nut for low Reynolds number models.
It sets \c nut to zero, and provides an access function to calculate \c y+.
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type nutLowReWallFunction;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-See also
- Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutLowReWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
SourceFiles
nutLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ protected:
// Protected Member Functions
- //- Calculate the turbulence viscosity
+ //- Calculate the turbulent viscosity
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcNut() const;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
index d72120105f9ef69c5020fff06ca790e5fc524707..38899885b4c96ac343ea71dd4725fa4fd06a5405 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField(p, iF, dict),
- n_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("n", 4))
+ n_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("n", 4.0))
{}
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ void Foam::nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::write
{
fvPatchField<scalar>::write(os);
writeLocalEntries(os);
- writeEntry("value", os);
os.writeEntry("n", n_);
+ writeEntry("value", os);
}
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 68a4b0dd845b44e7bd3c13d8b55f7932cc3391f2..9b862b888ca545e673cf714145d6fc5fd9356eac 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUBlendedWallFunction/nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
\\ / A nd | www.openfoam.com
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Copyright (C) 2016-2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2016-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
- kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions based on
- a blending of laminar sub-layer and log region contributions.
+ viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions based on
+ a blending of viscous and inertial sublayer contributions.
\f[
u_\tau = (u_{\tau,v}^n + u_{\tau,l}^n)^{1/n}
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ Description
where
\vartable
- u_\tau | friction velocity
- u_{\tau,v} | friction velocity in the viscous region
- u_{\tau,l} | friction velocity in the log region
+ u_\tau | Friction velocity
+ u_{\tau,v} | Friction velocity in the viscous sublayer
+ u_{\tau,l} | Friction velocity in the inertial sublayer
\endvartable
Reference:
@@ -55,35 +55,43 @@ Description
\endverbatim
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type nutUBlendedWallFunction;
// Optional entries
+ n 4.0;
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-Note
- The full 'automatic wall treatment' description also requires use of the
- Foam::omegaWallFunction with the \c blended flag set to 'on'
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutUBlendedWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ n | Blending factor | scalar | no | 4.0
+ \endtable
- Suffers from non-exact restart since correctNut() (called through
- turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
- it is called. See nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
-SeeAlso
- Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
- Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+Note
+ - The full 'automatic wall treatment' description also requires use of the
+ \link omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink with the \c blending
+ option \c binomial or with the deprecated \c blended flag set to \c on.
+ - Suffers from non-exact restart since \c correctNut() (called through
+ \c turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
+ it is called.
+ See \link nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C \endlink.
+
+See also
+ - Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ - Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
SourceFiles
nutUBlendedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -118,7 +126,7 @@ protected:
// Protected Member Functions
- //- Calculate the turbulence viscosity
+ //- Calculate the turbulent viscosity
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcNut() const;
//- Calculate the friction velocity
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutURoughWallFunction/nutURoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutURoughWallFunction/nutURoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index daa3408ab1ff5de982f8ef3de2d646003fe87754..546dea1cc91417a241fb01beaf0f99c656f9b8bb 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutURoughWallFunction/nutURoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutURoughWallFunction/nutURoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -32,46 +32,51 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
- kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions for rough walls,
+ viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions for rough walls,
based on velocity, \c U.
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- roughnessHeight | Roughness height | yes |
- roughnessConstant | Roughness constanr | yes |
- roughnessFactor | Scaling factor | yes |
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- maxIter | Number of Newton-Raphson iterations | no | 10
- tolerance | Convergence tolerance | no | 0.0001
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
- type nutURoughWallFunction;
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
+ type nutURoughWallFunction;
roughnessHeight 1e-5;
roughnessConstant 0.5;
roughnessFactor 1;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional entries (unmodifiable)
+ maxIter 10;
+ tolerance 0.0001;
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-Note
- Suffers from non-exact restart since correctNut() (called through
- turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
- it is called. See nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C.
- Can be avoided by seeding the NR with e.g. the laminar viscosity
- or tightening the convergence tolerance
- to e.g. 1e-7 and the max number of iterations to 100.
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutURoughWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ roughnessHeight | Roughness height | scalar | yes | -
+ roughnessConstant | Roughness constant | scalar | yes | -
+ roughnessFactor | Scaling factor | scalar | yes | -
+ maxIter | Number of Newton-Raphson iterations | label | no | 10
+ tolerance | Convergence tolerance | scalar | no | 0.0001
+ \endtable
-See also
- Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
+
+Note
+ - Suffers from non-exact restart since \c correctNut() (called through
+ \c turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
+ it is called.
+ See \link nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C \endlink.
+ - Can be avoided by seeding the NR with e.g. the laminar viscosity
+ or tightening the convergence tolerance to e.g. 1e-7 and the max
+ number of iterations to 100.
SourceFiles
nutURoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -214,7 +219,6 @@ public:
return roughnessHeight_;
}
-
//- Return the roughness constant scale
scalar roughnessConstant() const
{
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUSpaldingWallFunction/nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUSpaldingWallFunction/nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 76c1be38746f086d1b46f2fc1b84542459ad929a..8bad38239416140ea6ecc9607f8c906b50a99bac 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUSpaldingWallFunction/nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUSpaldingWallFunction/nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
- kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions for rough walls,
+ viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions for rough walls,
based on velocity, \c U, using Spalding's law to give a continuous \c nut
profile to the wall (y+ = 0)
@@ -43,52 +43,54 @@ Description
where
\vartable
- y^+ | non-dimensional position
- u^+ | non-dimensional velocity
- \kappa | Von Karman constant
+ y^+ | Non-dimensional position
+ u^+ | Non-dimensional velocity
+ \kappa | von Kármán constant
\endvartable
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- maxIter | Number of Newton-Raphson iterations | no | 10
- tolerance | Convergence tolerance | no | 0.0001
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type nutUSpaldingWallFunction;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional entries (unmodifiable)
+ maxIter 10;
+ tolerance 0.0001;
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-See also
- Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutUBlendedWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ maxIter | Number of Newton-Raphson iterations | label | no | 10
+ tolerance | Convergence tolerance | scalar | no | 0.0001
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
Note
- Suffers from non-exact restart since correctNut() (called through
- turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
+ - Suffers from non-exact restart since \c correctNut() (called through
+ \c turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
it is called. This is since the seed for the Newton-Raphson iteration
- uses the current value of *this (= nut).
+ uses the current value of \c *this (\c =nut ).
- This can be avoided by overriding the tolerance. This also switches on
+ - This can be avoided by overriding the tolerance. This also switches on
a pre-detection whether the current nut already satisfies the turbulence
conditions and if so does not change it at all. This means that the nut
only changes if it 'has really changed'. This probably should be used with
- a tight tolerance, e.g.
+ a tight tolerance, to make sure to kick every iteration, e.g.
maxIter 100;
tolerance 1e-7;
- to make sure to kick every iteration.
-
SourceFiles
nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ protected:
// Protected Member Functions
- //- Calculate the turbulence viscosity
+ //- Calculate the turbulent viscosity
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcNut() const;
//- Calculate the friction velocity
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUTabulatedWallFunction/nutUTabulatedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUTabulatedWallFunction/nutUTabulatedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index f181712b37acd37d5cd41d27a7147cb4f1c56dad..8018f4c34779a762792773919d2ea9abdbc85279 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUTabulatedWallFunction/nutUTabulatedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUTabulatedWallFunction/nutUTabulatedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -32,42 +32,42 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
- kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions, based on
+ viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions, based on
velocity, i.e. \c U.
As input, the user specifies a look-up table of \c U+ as a function of
near-wall Reynolds number.
- The table should be located in the $FOAM_CASE/constant directory.
+ The table should be located in the \c $FOAM_CASE/constant directory.
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- uPlusTable | U+ as a function of Re table name | yes |
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type nutTabulatedWallFunction;
uPlusTable myUPlusTable;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutUTabulatedWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ uPlusTable | U+ as a function of Re table name | word | yes | -
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
+
Note
- The tables are not registered since the same table object may be used for
+ - The tables are not registered since the same table object may be used for
more than one patch.
-See also
- Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
-
SourceFiles
nutUTabulatedWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ protected:
// Protected Member Functions
- //- Calculate the turbulence viscosity
+ //- Calculate the turbulent viscosity
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcNut() const;
//- Calculate wall u+ from table
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
index ee9ea1337e2fa85781c640751f4f03e825c0485d..f6a3a81136ff3339ccd31f8776e8eb6a1272ffd4 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -61,11 +61,14 @@ Foam::nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::calcNut() const
forAll(yPlus, facei)
{
- if (yPlusLam_ < yPlus[facei])
- {
- nutw[facei] =
- nuw[facei]*(yPlus[facei]*kappa_/log(E_*yPlus[facei]) - 1.0);
- }
+ // Viscous sublayer contribution
+ const scalar nutVis = 0.0;
+
+ // Inertial sublayer contribution
+ const scalar nutLog =
+ nuw[facei]*(yPlus[facei]*kappa_/log(E_*yPlus[facei]) - 1.0);
+
+ nutw[facei] = blend(nutVis, nutLog, yPlus[facei]);
}
return tnutw;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 532a481e4672c65224a62cb1b74fef36f526095c..fd8b976f2ca2f291e0603a9578408706cdd06b59 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutUWallFunction/nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -32,35 +32,38 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
- kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions, based on
+ viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions, based on
velocity, \c U.
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type nutUWallFunction;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-See also
- Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutUWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
Note
- Suffers from non-exact restart since correctNut() (called through
- turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
- it is called. See nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+ - Suffers from non-exact restart since \c correctNut() (called through
+ \c turbulence->validate) returns a slightly different value every time
+ it is called.
+ See \link nutUSpaldingWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C \endlink.
+ - See \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink for the wall
+ function blending treatments.
SourceFiles
nutUWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ protected:
//- Calculate yPlus
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcYPlus(const scalarField& magUp) const;
- //- Calculate the turbulence viscosity
+ //- Calculate the turbulent viscosity
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcNut() const;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
index 90e054a0301b98bae9974f39cbd5ebb2fc82c4cb..60544e1a3d7494bb5285b8a208441a3b3e53acfa 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -40,6 +40,21 @@ namespace Foam
defineTypeNameAndDebug(nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField, 0);
}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+const Foam::Enum
+<
+ Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::blendingType
+>
+Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::blendingTypeNames
+({
+ { blendingType::STEPWISE , "stepwise" },
+ { blendingType::MAX , "max" },
+ { blendingType::BINOMIAL , "binomial" },
+ { blendingType::EXPONENTIAL, "exponential" }
+});
+
+
// * * * * * * * * * * * * Protected Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * //
void Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::checkType()
@@ -77,6 +92,14 @@ void Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::writeLocalEntries
Ostream& os
) const
{
+ os.writeKeyword("blending") << blendingTypeNames[blending_]
+ << token::END_STATEMENT << nl;
+
+ if (blending_ == blendingType::BINOMIAL)
+ {
+ os.writeEntry("n", n_);
+ }
+
if (UName_ != word::null)
{
os.writeEntry("U", UName_);
@@ -97,6 +120,8 @@ Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchScalarField(p, iF),
+ blending_(blendingType::STEPWISE),
+ n_(4.0),
UName_(word::null),
Cmu_(0.09),
kappa_(0.41),
@@ -116,6 +141,8 @@ Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchScalarField(ptf, p, iF, mapper),
+ blending_(ptf.blending_),
+ n_(ptf.n_),
UName_(ptf.UName_),
Cmu_(ptf.Cmu_),
kappa_(ptf.kappa_),
@@ -134,6 +161,24 @@ Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchScalarField(p, iF, dict),
+ blending_
+ (
+ blendingTypeNames.getOrDefault
+ (
+ "blending",
+ dict,
+ blendingType::STEPWISE
+ )
+ ),
+ n_
+ (
+ dict.getCheckOrDefault<scalar>
+ (
+ "n",
+ 4.0,
+ scalarMinMax::ge(0)
+ )
+ ),
UName_(dict.getOrDefault<word>("U", word::null)),
Cmu_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("Cmu", 0.09)),
kappa_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("kappa", 0.41)),
@@ -150,6 +195,8 @@ Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchScalarField(wfpsf),
+ blending_(wfpsf.blending_),
+ n_(wfpsf.n_),
UName_(wfpsf.UName_),
Cmu_(wfpsf.Cmu_),
kappa_(wfpsf.kappa_),
@@ -167,6 +214,8 @@ Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchScalarField(wfpsf, iF),
+ blending_(wfpsf.blending_),
+ n_(wfpsf.n_),
UName_(wfpsf.UName_),
Cmu_(wfpsf.Cmu_),
kappa_(wfpsf.kappa_),
@@ -203,15 +252,73 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::yPlusLam
{
scalar ypl = 11.0;
- for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
+ for (label i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
{
- ypl = log(max(E*ypl, 1))/kappa;
+ ypl = log(max(E*ypl, 1.0))/kappa;
}
return ypl;
}
+Foam::scalar Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::blend
+(
+ const scalar nutVis,
+ const scalar nutLog,
+ const scalar yPlus
+) const
+{
+ scalar nutw = 0.0;
+
+ switch (blending_)
+ {
+ case blendingType::STEPWISE:
+ {
+ if (yPlus > yPlusLam_)
+ {
+ nutw = nutLog;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ nutw = nutVis;
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::MAX:
+ {
+ // (PH:Eq. 27)
+ nutw = max(nutVis, nutLog);
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::BINOMIAL:
+ {
+ // (ME:Eqs. 15-16)
+ nutw =
+ pow
+ (
+ pow(nutVis, n_) + pow(nutLog, n_),
+ 1.0/n_
+ );
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::EXPONENTIAL:
+ {
+ // (PH:Eq. 31)
+ const scalar Gamma = 0.01*pow4(yPlus)/(1.0 + 5.0*yPlus);
+ const scalar invGamma = 1.0/(Gamma + ROOTVSMALL);
+
+ nutw = nutVis*exp(-Gamma) + nutLog*exp(-invGamma);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return nutw;
+}
+
+
Foam::scalar Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::yPlusLam() const
{
return yPlusLam_;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 9fe05be0dccfd229cee15c0d583cfbb3356ff5a4..869ba4b523cb6ab579fd63210faabce2ffb8cf70 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutWallFunction/nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -33,37 +33,127 @@ Group
Description
The class \c nutWallFunction is a base class that parents the derived
boundary conditions which provide a wall constraint on various fields, such
- as turbulence kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, for low- and high-Reynolds
- number turbulence models.
+ as turbulent viscosity, i.e. \c nut, or turbulent kinetic energy dissipation
+ rate, i.e. \c epsilon, for low- and high-Reynolds number turbulence models.
Reference:
\verbatim
- Default model coefficients:
+ Default model coefficients (tag:VM):
Versteeg, H. K., & Malalasekera, W. (2011).
- An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: the finite
+ An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: The finite
volume method. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Subsection "3.5.2 k-epsilon model".
+
+ Binomial blending of the viscous and inertial sublayers (tag:ME):
+ Menter, F., & Esch, T. (2001).
+ Elements of industrial heat transfer prediction.
+ In Proceedings of the 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical
+ Engineering (COBEM), November 2001. vol. 20, p. 117-127.
+
+ Exponential/Max blending of the viscous and inertial sublayers (tag:PH):
+ Popovac, M., & Hanjalić, K. (2007).
+ Compound wall treatment for RANS computation of complex
+ turbulent flows and heat transfer.
+ Flow, turbulence and combustion, 78(2), 177-202.
+ DOI:10.1007/s10494-006-9067-x
\endverbatim
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Cmu | Cmu coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | E coefficient | no | 9.8
- \endtable
-
- Examples of the boundary condition specification:
+ Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
- type nutWallFunction;
-
- // Optional entries
+ // Mandatory and other optional entries
+ ...
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ Cmu 0.09;
+ kappa 0.41;
+ E 9.8;
+ blending stepwise;
+ n 4.0;
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ Cmu | Empirical model coefficient | scalar | no | 0.09
+ kappa | von Kármán constant | scalar | no | 0.41
+ E | Wall roughness parameter | scalar | no | 9.8
+ blending | Viscous/inertial sublayer blending | word | no | stepwise
+ n | Binomial blending exponent | scalar | no | 2.0
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link fixedValueFvPatchFields.H \endlink
+
+ Options for the \c blending entry:
+ \verbatim
+ stepwise | Stepwise switch (discontinuous)
+ max | Maximum value switch (discontinuous)
+ binomial | Binomial blending (smooth)
+ exponential | Exponential blending (smooth)
+ \endverbatim
+
+ wherein \c nut predictions for the viscous and inertial sublayers are
+ blended according to the following expressions:
+
+ - \c stepwise (default):
+
+ \f[
+ \nu_t = {\nu_t}_{log} \qquad if \quad y^+ > y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+
+ \f[
+ \nu_t = {\nu_t}_{vis} \qquad if \quad y^+ <= y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+
+ where
+ \vartable
+ {\nu_t}_{vis} | \f$\nu_t\f$ prediction in the viscous sublayer
+ {\nu_t}_{log} | \f$\nu_t\f$ prediction in the inertial sublayer
+ y^+ | estimated wall-normal height of the cell centre in wall units
+ y^+_{lam} | estimated intersection of the viscous and inertial sublayers
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ - \c max (PH:Eq. 27):
+
+ \f[
+ \nu_t = max({\nu_t}_{vis}, {\nu_t}_{log})
+ \f]
+
+
+ - \c binomial (ME:Eqs. 15-16):
+
+ \f[
+ \nu_t = (({\nu_t}_{vis})^n + ({\nu_t}_{log})^n)^{1/n}
+ \f]
+ where
+ \vartable
+ n | Binomial blending exponent
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ - \c exponential (PH:Eq. 32):
+
+ \f[
+ \nu_t = {\nu_t}_{vis} \exp[-\Gamma] + {\nu_t}_{log} \exp[-1/\Gamma]
+ \f]
+
+ where (PH:Eq. 31)
+ \vartable
+ \Gamma | Blending expression
+ \Gamma | \f$0.01 (y^+)^4 / (1.0 + 5.0 y^+)\f$
+ \endvartable
+
+Note
+ - \c nutWallFunction is not directly usable.
+
See also
Foam::fixedValueFvPatchField
@@ -94,23 +184,46 @@ class nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
{
protected:
+ // Protected Enumerations
+
+ //- Options for the blending treatment of viscous and inertial sublayers
+ enum blendingType
+ {
+ STEPWISE, //!< "Stepwise switch (discontinuous)"
+ MAX, //!< "Maximum value switch (discontinuous)"
+ BINOMIAL, //!< "Binomial blending (smooth)"
+ EXPONENTIAL //!< "Exponential blending (smooth)"
+ };
+
+ //- Names for blendingType
+ static const Enum<blendingType> blendingTypeNames;
+
+
// Protected Data
+ //- Blending treatment (default = blendingType::STEPWISE)
+ const enum blendingType blending_;
+
+ //- Binomial blending exponent being used when
+ //- blendingType is blendingType::BINOMIAL (default = 4)
+ const scalar n_;
+
//- Name of velocity field
// Default is null (not specified) in which case the velocity is
// retrieved from the turbulence model
word UName_;
- //- Cmu coefficient
+ //- Empirical model coefficient
scalar Cmu_;
- //- Von Karman constant
+ //- von Kármán constant
scalar kappa_;
- //- E coefficient
+ //- Wall roughness parameter
scalar E_;
- //- Estimated y+ value at the edge of the viscous sublayer
+ //- Estimated y+ value at the intersection
+ //- of the viscous and inertial sublayers
scalar yPlusLam_;
@@ -123,7 +236,7 @@ protected:
//- Check the type of the patch
virtual void checkType();
- //- Calculate the turbulence viscosity
+ //- Calculate the turbulent viscosity
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcNut() const = 0;
//- Write local wall function variables
@@ -207,13 +320,22 @@ public:
const label patchi
);
- //- Calculate the y+ at the edge of the viscous sublayer
+ //- Estimate the y+ at the intersection of the two sublayers
static scalar yPlusLam(const scalar kappa, const scalar E);
- //- Return the y+ at the edge of the viscous sublayer
+ //- Return the estimated y+ at the two-sublayer intersection
scalar yPlusLam() const;
+ //- Return the blended nut according to the chosen blending treatment
+ scalar blend
+ (
+ const scalar nutVis,
+ const scalar nutLog,
+ const scalar yPlus
+ ) const;
+
//- Calculate and return the yPlus at the boundary
+ // yPlus is the first-cell-centre height from boundary in wall units
virtual tmp<scalarField> yPlus() const = 0;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkRoughWallFunction/nutkRoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkRoughWallFunction/nutkRoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 5bc20d3198c1c7f8b02f161441d05bd286a41119..1450f5908e72e08dcde4b7c9aff36fdb11f62c6a 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkRoughWallFunction/nutkRoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkRoughWallFunction/nutkRoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016, 2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -33,38 +33,38 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions for rough walls,
- based on turbulent kinetic energy, \c k. The condition manipulates the \c E
- parameter to account for roughness effects.
+ based on the turbulent kinetic energy, \c k. The condition manipulates the
+ wall roughness parameter, i.e. \c E, to account for roughness effects.
- Parameter ranges
+ Parameter ranges:
- roughness height = sand-grain roughness (0 for smooth walls)
- roughness constant = 0.5-1.0
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Ks | Sand-grain roughness height | yes |
- Cs | Roughness constant | yes |
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type nutkRoughWallFunction;
Ks uniform 0;
Cs uniform 0.5;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-See also
- Foam::nutkRoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutkRoughWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ Ks | Sand-grain roughness height | scalarField | yes | -
+ Cs | Roughness constant | scalarField | yes | -
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
SourceFiles
nutkRoughWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
index ca5d9aa1d2289745e901c6387d51296949612f62..5244e290225b31e9f56259525243a8f46eb15ed3 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -67,10 +67,13 @@ calcNut() const
const scalar yPlus = Cmu25*y[facei]*sqrt(k[celli])/nuw[facei];
- if (yPlusLam_ < yPlus)
- {
- nutw[facei] = nuw[facei]*(yPlus*kappa_/log(E_*yPlus) - 1.0);
- }
+ // Viscous sublayer contribution
+ const scalar nutVis = 0.0;
+
+ // Inertial sublayer contribution
+ const scalar nutLog = nuw[facei]*(yPlus*kappa_/log(E_*yPlus) - 1.0);
+
+ nutw[facei] = blend(nutVis, nutLog, yPlus);
}
return tnutw;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 95ad04601381ff25e4a777d152f4b3dcd35c19eb..1f91a783b1ad391751545b590550a8801446a8e3 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/nutWallFunctions/nutkWallFunction/nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -32,30 +32,34 @@ Group
Description
This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the turbulent
- kinematic viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions,
- based on turbulent kinetic energy, \c k.
+ viscosity, i.e. \c nut, when using wall functions,
+ based on the turbulent kinetic energy, \c k.
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- Cmu | Model coefficient | no | 0.09
- kappa | Von Karman constant | no | 0.41
- E | Model coefficient | no | 9.8
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type nutkWallFunction;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
-See also
- Foam::nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ where the entries mean:
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: nutkWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
+
+Note
+ - See \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink for the wall
+ function blending treatments.
SourceFiles
nutkWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -84,7 +88,7 @@ protected:
// Protected Member Functions
- //- Calculate the turbulence viscosity
+ //- Calculate the turbulent viscosity
virtual tmp<scalarField> calcNut() const;
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
index bb046292bb3f792e726e2c269616128d512e9e23..0752738b549fec43c30f41fda3fab0277d8de6f3 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -32,9 +32,22 @@ License
#include "fvMatrix.H"
#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
-
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+const Foam::Enum
+<
+ Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::blendingType
+>
+Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::blendingTypeNames
+({
+ { blendingType::STEPWISE , "stepwise" },
+ { blendingType::MAX , "max" },
+ { blendingType::BINOMIAL2 , "binomial2" },
+ { blendingType::BINOMIAL , "binomial" },
+ { blendingType::EXPONENTIAL, "exponential" },
+ { blendingType::TANH, "tanh" }
+});
+
Foam::scalar Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::tolerance_ = 1e-5;
// * * * * * * * * * * * * Protected Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * //
@@ -106,18 +119,16 @@ void Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::createAveragingWeights()
omegaPatches.append(patchi);
const labelUList& faceCells = bf[patchi].patch().faceCells();
- forAll(faceCells, i)
+ for (const auto& celli : faceCells)
{
- const label celli = faceCells[i];
- weights[celli]++;
+ ++weights[celli];
}
}
}
cornerWeights_.setSize(bf.size());
- forAll(omegaPatches, i)
+ for (const auto& patchi : omegaPatches)
{
- const label patchi = omegaPatches[i];
const fvPatchScalarField& wf = weights.boundaryField()[patchi];
cornerWeights_[patchi] = 1.0/wf.patchInternalField();
}
@@ -212,43 +223,80 @@ void Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::calculate
forAll(nutw, facei)
{
const label celli = patch.faceCells()[facei];
-
const scalar yPlus = Cmu25*y[facei]*sqrt(k[celli])/nuw[facei];
-
const scalar w = cornerWeights[facei];
- const scalar omegaVis = 6*nuw[facei]/(beta1_*sqr(y[facei]));
+ // Contribution from the viscous sublayer
+ const scalar omegaVis = 6.0*nuw[facei]/(beta1_*sqr(y[facei]));
+
+ // Contribution from the inertial sublayer
const scalar omegaLog = sqrt(k[celli])/(Cmu25*nutw.kappa()*y[facei]);
- // Switching between the laminar sub-layer and the log-region rather
- // than blending has been found to provide more accurate results over a
- // range of near-wall y+.
- //
- // For backward-compatibility the blending method is provided as an
- // option
-
- // Generation contribution is included using the blended option, or
- // when using the switching option if operating in the laminar
- // sub-layer
- bool includeG = true;
- if (blended_)
+ switch (blending_)
{
- omega0[celli] += w*sqrt(sqr(omegaVis) + sqr(omegaLog));
- }
- else
- {
- if (nutw.yPlusLam() < yPlus)
+ case blendingType::STEPWISE:
+ {
+ if (yPlus > nutw.yPlusLam())
+ {
+ omega0[celli] += w*omegaLog;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ omega0[celli] += w*omegaVis;
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::MAX:
+ {
+ // (PH:Eq. 27)
+ omega0[celli] += max(omegaVis, omegaLog);
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::BINOMIAL2:
+ {
+ // (ME:Eq. 15)
+ omega0[celli] += w*sqrt(sqr(omegaVis) + sqr(omegaLog));
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::BINOMIAL:
{
- omega0[celli] += w*omegaLog;
+ omega0[celli] +=
+ w*pow
+ (
+ pow(omegaVis, n_) + pow(omegaLog, n_),
+ 1.0/n_
+ );
+ break;
}
- else
+
+ case blendingType::EXPONENTIAL:
{
- omega0[celli] += w*omegaVis;
- includeG = false;
+ // (PH:Eq. 31)
+ const scalar Gamma = 0.01*pow4(yPlus)/(1.0 + 5.0*yPlus);
+ const scalar invGamma = 1.0/(Gamma + ROOTVSMALL);
+
+ omega0[celli] +=
+ w*(omegaVis*exp(-Gamma) + omegaLog*exp(-invGamma));
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case blendingType::TANH:
+ {
+ // (KAS:Eqs. 33-34)
+ const scalar phiTanh = tanh(pow4(yPlus/10.0));
+ const scalar omegab1 = omegaVis + omegaLog;
+ const scalar omegab2 =
+ pow(pow(omegaVis, 1.2) + pow(omegaLog, 1.2), 1.0/1.2);
+
+ omega0[celli] += phiTanh*omegab1 + (1.0 - phiTanh)*omegab2;
+ break;
}
}
- if (includeG)
+ if (!(blending_ == blendingType::STEPWISE) || yPlus > nutw.yPlusLam())
{
G0[celli] +=
w
@@ -270,7 +318,8 @@ Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(p, iF),
- blended_(true),
+ blending_(blendingType::BINOMIAL2),
+ n_(2.0),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
beta1_(0.075),
@@ -289,7 +338,8 @@ Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(ptf, p, iF, mapper),
- blended_(ptf.blended_),
+ blending_(ptf.blending_),
+ n_(ptf.n_),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
beta1_(ptf.beta1_),
@@ -307,7 +357,24 @@ Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(p, iF, dict),
- blended_(dict.getOrDefault("blended", true)),
+ blending_
+ (
+ blendingTypeNames.getOrDefault
+ (
+ "blending",
+ dict,
+ blendingType::BINOMIAL2
+ )
+ ),
+ n_
+ (
+ dict.getCheckOrDefault<scalar>
+ (
+ "n",
+ 2.0,
+ scalarMinMax::ge(0)
+ )
+ ),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
beta1_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("beta1", 0.075)),
@@ -315,6 +382,29 @@ Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
omega_(),
cornerWeights_()
{
+ // The deprecated 'blended' keyword is superseded by the enum 'blending'
+ if (dict.found("blended"))
+ {
+ IOWarningInFunction(dict)
+ << "Using deprecated 'blended' keyword"
+ << nl << " Please use either of the below for the same behaviour:"
+ << nl << " 'blending binomial2;' for 'blended on;'"
+ << nl << " 'blending stepwise;' for 'blended off;'"
+ << nl << " OVERWRITING: 'blended' keyword -> 'blending' enum"
+ << endl;
+
+ bool blended = dict.get<bool>("blended");
+
+ if (blended)
+ {
+ blending_ = blendingType::BINOMIAL2;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ blending_ = blendingType::STEPWISE;
+ }
+ }
+
// apply zero-gradient condition on start-up
this->operator==(patchInternalField());
}
@@ -326,7 +416,8 @@ Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(owfpsf),
- blended_(owfpsf.blended_),
+ blending_(owfpsf.blending_),
+ n_(owfpsf.n_),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
beta1_(owfpsf.beta1_),
@@ -343,7 +434,8 @@ Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
)
:
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>(owfpsf, iF),
- blended_(owfpsf.blended_),
+ blending_(owfpsf.blending_),
+ n_(owfpsf.n_),
initialised_(false),
master_(-1),
beta1_(owfpsf.beta1_),
@@ -481,7 +573,7 @@ void Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::updateWeightedCoeffs
{
const scalar w = weights[facei];
- if (tolerance_ < w)
+ if (w > tolerance_)
{
const label celli = patch().faceCells()[facei];
@@ -559,7 +651,9 @@ void Foam::omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField::write
Ostream& os
) const
{
- os.writeEntry("blended", blended_);
+ os.writeKeyword("blending") << blendingTypeNames[blending_]
+ << token::END_STATEMENT << nl;
+ os.writeEntry("n", n_);
os.writeEntry("beta1", beta1_);
fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>::write(os);
}
diff --git a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
index 9f98e34870ccd37884b96caa1172dc6c7eab098b..1f022ff119a4b84794ee738c4c07c15a24da135d 100644
--- a/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
+++ b/src/TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/derivedFvPatchFields/wallFunctions/omegaWallFunctions/omegaWallFunction/omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\\/ M anipulation |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 2011-2016, 2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
- Copyright (C) 2019 OpenCFD Ltd.
+ Copyright (C) 2019-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
This file is part of OpenFOAM.
@@ -31,68 +31,167 @@ Group
grpWallFunctions
Description
- This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on specific turbulent
- kinetic energy dissipation rate, i.e. \c omega, for low- and high-Reynolds
- number turbulence models.
+ This boundary condition provides a wall constraint on the specific
+ dissipation rate, i.e. \c omega, and the turbulent kinetic energy
+ production contribution, i.e. \c G, for low- and high-Reynolds number
+ turbulence models.
- The near-wall omega may be either blended between the viscous region and
- logarithmic region values using:
-
- \f[
- \omega = sqrt(\omega_{vis}^2 + \omega_{log}^2)
- \f]
-
- where
-
- \vartable
- \omega_{vis} | omega in viscous region
- \omega_{log} | omega in logarithmic region
- \endvartable
-
- see eq.(15) of:
+ Reference:
\verbatim
- Menter, F., Esch, T.
- "Elements of Industrial Heat Transfer Prediction"
- 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering (COBEM),
- Nov. 2001
+ Binomial blending of the viscous and inertial sublayers (tag:ME):
+ Menter, F., & Esch, T. (2001).
+ Elements of industrial heat transfer prediction.
+ In Proceedings of the 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical
+ Engineering (COBEM), November 2001. vol. 20, p. 117-127.
+
+ Exponential/Max blending of the viscous and inertial sublayers (tag:PH):
+ Popovac, M., & Hanjalić, K. (2007).
+ Compound wall treatment for RANS computation of complex
+ turbulent flows and heat transfer.
+ Flow, turbulence and combustion, 78(2), 177-202.
+ DOI:10.1007/s10494-006-9067-x
+
+ Tanh blending of the viscous and inertial sublayers (tag:KAS):
+ Knopp, T., Alrutz, T., & Schwamborn, D. (2006).
+ A grid and flow adaptive wall-function method for RANS
+ turbulence modelling.
+ Journal of Computational Physics, 220(1), 19-40.
+ DOI:10.1016/j.jcp.2006.05.003
\endverbatim
- or switched between these values based on the viscous-to-turbulent \c y+
- value derived from \c kappa and \c E.
-
Usage
- \table
- Property | Description | Required | Default value
- beta1 | Model coefficient | no | 0.075
- blended | Blending switch | no | false
- \endtable
-
Example of the boundary condition specification:
\verbatim
<patchName>
{
- // Mandatory entries
+ // Mandatory entries (unmodifiable)
type omegaWallFunction;
- // Optional entries
+ // Optional entries (unmodifiable)
+ beta1 0.075;
+ blending binomial2;
+ n 2.0;
+
+ // Optional (inherited) entries
+ ...
}
\endverbatim
+ \table
+ Property | Description | Type | Req'd | Dflt
+ type | Type name: omegaWallFunction | word | yes | -
+ blended | Blending switch (Deprecated) | bool | no | true
+ beta1 | Model coefficient | scalar | no | 0.075
+ blending | Viscous/inertial sublayer blending method <!--
+ --> | word | no | binomial2
+ n | Binomial blending exponent | sclar | no | 2.0
+ \endtable
+
+ The inherited entries are elaborated in:
+ - \link fixedValueFvPatchField.H \endlink
+ - \link nutWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H \endlink
+
+ Options for the \c blending entry:
+ \verbatim
+ stepwise | Stepwise switch (discontinuous)
+ max | Maximum value switch (discontinuous)
+ binomial2 | Binomial blending (smooth) n = 2
+ binomial | Binomial blending (smooth)
+ exponential | Exponential blending (smooth)
+ tanh | Tanh blending (smooth)
+ \endverbatim
+
+ wherein \c omega predictions for the viscous and inertial sublayers are
+ blended according to the following expressions:
+
+ - \c stepwise:
+
+ \f[
+ \omega = \omega_{log} \qquad if \quad y^+ > y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+ \f[
+ \omega = \omega_{vis} \qquad if \quad y^+ <= y^+_{lam}
+ \f]
+
+ where
+ \vartable
+ \omega | \f$\omega\f$ at \f$y^+\f$
+ \omega_{vis} | \f$\omega\f$ computed by using viscous sublayer assumptions
+ \omega_{log} |\f$\omega\f$ computed by using inertial sublayer assumptions
+ y^+ | estimated wall-normal height of the cell centre in wall units
+ y^+_{lam} | estimated intersection of the viscous and inertial sublayers
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ - \c max (PH:Eq. 27):
+
+ \f[
+ \omega = max(\omega_{vis}, \omega_{log})
+ \f]
+
+
+ - \c binomial2 (ME:Eq. 15) (default):
+
+ \f[
+ \omega = \sqrt{(\omega_{vis})^2 + (\omega_{log})^2}
+ \f]
+
+
+ - \c binomial:
+
+ \f[
+ \omega = ((\omega_{vis})^n + (\omega_{log})^n)^{1/n}
+ \f]
+
+ where
+ \vartable
+ n | Binomial blending exponent
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ - \c exponential (PH:Eq. 32):
+
+ \f[
+ \omega = \omega_{vis} \exp[-\Gamma] + \omega_{log} \exp[-1/\Gamma]
+ \f]
+
+ where (PH:Eq. 31)
+ \vartable
+ \Gamma | Blending expression
+ \Gamma | \f$0.01 (y^+)^4 / (1.0 + 5.0 y^+)\f$
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ - \c tanh (KAS:Eqs. 33-34):
+
+ \f[
+ \omega = \phi \omega_{b1} + (1 - \phi)\omega_{b2}
+ \f]
+
+ where
+ \vartable
+ \phi | \f$tanh((y^+/10)^4)\f$
+ \omega_{b1} | \f$\omega_{vis} + \omega_{log}\f$
+ \omega_{b2} | \f$(\omega_{vis}^{1.2} + \omega_{log}^1.2)^{1/1.2}\f$
+ \endvartable
+
+
+ \c G predictions for the viscous and inertial sublayers are blended
+ in a stepwise manner, and \c G below \f$y^+_{lam}\f$ (i.e. in the viscous
+ sublayer) is presumed to be zero.
+
Note
- The coefficients \c Cmu, \c kappa, and \c E are obtained from
+ - The coefficients \c Cmu, \c kappa, and \c E are obtained from
the specified \c nutWallFunction in order to ensure that each patch
possesses the same set of values for these coefficients.
-
- Some tests have shown that the stepwise switching method provides
- more accurate predictions for 10 < y+ < 30 when used with high Reynolds
- number wall-functions.
-
- In addition, the stepwise switching method provides accurate predictions
- when used with continuous wall-functions.
+ - The reason why \c binomial2 and \c binomial blending methods exist at
+ the same time is to ensure the elementwise backward compatibility with
+ the previous versions since \c binomial2 and \c binomial with n=2 will
+ yield slightly different output due to the miniscule differences in the
+ implementation of the basic functions (i.e. pow, sqrt, sqr).
See also
- Foam::fixedInternalValueFvPatchField
- Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
+ - Foam::epsilonWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
SourceFiles
omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.C
@@ -119,6 +218,35 @@ class omegaWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField
:
public fixedValueFvPatchField<scalar>
{
+private:
+
+ // Private Enumerations
+
+ //- Options for the blending treatment of viscous and inertial sublayers
+ enum blendingType
+ {
+ STEPWISE, //!< "Stepwise switch (discontinuous)"
+ MAX, //!< "Maximum value switch (discontinuous)"
+ BINOMIAL2, //!< "Binomial blending (smooth) n = 2"
+ BINOMIAL, //!< "Binomial blending (smooth)"
+ EXPONENTIAL, //!< "Exponential blending (smooth)"
+ TANH //!< "Tanh blending (smooth)"
+ };
+
+ //- Names for blendingType
+ static const Enum<blendingType> blendingTypeNames;
+
+
+ // Private Data
+
+ //- Blending treatment (default = blendingType::BINOMIAL2)
+ enum blendingType blending_;
+
+ //- Blending exponent being used when
+ //- blendingType is blendingType::BINOMIAL (default = 2)
+ const scalar n_;
+
+
protected:
// Protected Data
@@ -126,7 +254,8 @@ protected:
//- Tolerance used in weighted calculations
static scalar tolerance_;
- //- Blending switch
+ //- Deprecated(2019-11) Blending switch
+ // \deprecated(2019-11) - use blending:: options
bool blended_;
//- Initialised flag