- consolidate word::validated() into word::validate() and also allow
  as short form for string::validate<word>(). Also less confusing than
  having similarly named methods that essentially do the same thing.

- more consistent const access when iterating over strings

- add valid(char) for keyType and wordRe

- Resolve ambiguity by using the following rules:

  1) starts with '/'  =>  absolute file-system path
  2) starts with './' or '../'  =>  file-system path relative to CWD
  3) otherwise treat as relative to the case

STYLE: allow write access to headerClassName

- make the purpose of various parts clearer

- make some IOobject writing routines non-templated.

- relocate more IOobject methods into the IOobjectI.H
  (generally cleanup the main header).

Original commit message:
------------------------

Parallel IO: New collated file format

When an OpenFOAM simulation runs in parallel, the data for decomposed fields and
mesh(es) has historically been stored in multiple files within separate
directories for each processor.  Processor directories are named 'processorN',
where N is the processor number.

This commit introduces an alternative "collated" file format where the data for
each decomposed field (and mesh) is collated into a single file, which is
written and read on the master processor.  The files are stored in a single
directory named 'processors'.

The new format produces significantly fewer files - one per field, instead of N
per field.  For large parallel cases, this avoids the restriction on the number
of open files imposed by the operating system limits.

The file writing can be threaded allowing the simulation to continue running
while the data is being written to file.  NFS (Network File System) is not
needed when using the the collated format and additionally, there is an option
to run without NFS with the original uncollated approach, known as
"masterUncollated".

The controls for the file handling are in the OptimisationSwitches of
etc/controlDict:

OptimisationSwitches
{
    ...

    //- Parallel IO file handler
    //  uncollated (default), collated or masterUncollated
    fileHandler uncollated;

    //- collated: thread buffer size for queued file writes.
    //  If set to 0 or not sufficient for the file size threading is not used.
    //  Default: 2e9
    maxThreadFileBufferSize 2e9;

    //- masterUncollated: non-blocking buffer size.
    //  If the file exceeds this buffer size scheduled transfer is used.
    //  Default: 2e9
    maxMasterFileBufferSize 2e9;
}

When using the collated file handling, memory is allocated for the data in the
thread.  maxThreadFileBufferSize sets the maximum size of memory in bytes that
is allocated.  If the data exceeds this size, the write does not use threading.

When using the masterUncollated file handling, non-blocking MPI communication
requires a sufficiently large memory buffer on the master node.
maxMasterFileBufferSize sets the maximum size in bytes of the buffer.  If the
data exceeds this size, the system uses scheduled communication.

The installation defaults for the fileHandler choice, maxThreadFileBufferSize
and maxMasterFileBufferSize (set in etc/controlDict) can be over-ridden within
the case controlDict file, like other parameters.  Additionally the fileHandler
can be set by:
- the "-fileHandler" command line argument;
- a FOAM_FILEHANDLER environment variable.

A foamFormatConvert utility allows users to convert files between the collated
and uncollated formats, e.g.
    mpirun -np 2 foamFormatConvert -parallel -fileHandler uncollated

An example case demonstrating the file handling methods is provided in:
$FOAM_TUTORIALS/IO/fileHandling

The work was undertaken by Mattijs Janssens, in collaboration with Henry Weller.

- Still needs more attention.

--
STYLE: fix minor typos in documentation

Requires gcc version 4.7 or higher

Moved file path handling to regIOobject and made it type specific so
now every object can have its own rules. Examples:
- faceZones are now processor local (and don't search up anymore)
- timeStampMaster is now no longer hardcoded inside IOdictionary
  (e.g. uniformDimensionedFields support it as well)
- the distributedTriSurfaceMesh is properly processor-local; no need
  for fileModificationChecking manipulation.

Avoids the clutter and maintenance effort associated with providing the
function signature string.

i.e. without the group suffix.

Patch provided by William Bainbridge

.group() returns the group name of the object otherwise null
groupName(name, group) returns the constructed group name (currently name.group)

This reverts commit c5bea524.

This reverts commit b18f6cc1.

- regIOobject: don't re-register an unregister object on rename/assignment
- Hasher: split-off HasherInt with uint32_t specializations
- IOobject: writeBanner/writeDivider return Stream for easier chaining.

... also dropped some namespace bracketing while I was at it.

- removed the previously added fileName type(), isDir(), isFile() methods.

- added optional bool parameter to isFile() function to explicitly
  enable/disable the check for gzip files.

- fixed minor bugginess where the default usage of isFile() would result in
  false positive matches.

- be slightly more stringent and use isDir() and isFile() instead of
  exists() function when we actually know the expected type.