ENH: modify fWallFunction for kEpsilonPhitF model

    The k-epsilon-phit-f turbulence closure model for incompressible and
    compressible flows.

    The model is a three-transport-equation linear-eddy-viscosity turbulence
    closure model alongside an elliptic relaxation equation:
      - Turbulent kinetic energy, \c k,
      - Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, \c epsilon,
      - Normalised wall-normal fluctuating velocity scale, \c phit,
      - Elliptic relaxation factor, \c f.

    Reference:
    \verbatim
        Standard model (Tag:LUU):
            Laurence, D. R., Uribe, J. C., & Utyuzhnikov, S. V. (2005).
            A robust formulation of the v2−f model.
            Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 73(3-4), 169–185.
            DOI:10.1007/s10494-005-1974-8
    \endverbatim

    The default model coefficients are (LUU:Eqs. 19-20):
    \verbatim
        kEpsilonPhitFCoeffs
        {
            Cmu         0.22,    // Turbulent viscosity constant
            Ceps1a      1.4,     // Model constant for epsilon
            Ceps1b      1.0,     // Model constant for epsilon
            Ceps1c      0.05,    // Model constant for epsilon
            Ceps2       1.9,     // Model constant for epsilon
            Cf1         1.4,     // Model constant for f
            Cf2         0.3,     // Model constant for f
            CL          0.25,    // Model constant for L
            Ceta        110.0,   // Model constant for L
            CT          6.0,     // Model constant for T
            sigmaK      1.0,     // Turbulent Prandtl number for k
            sigmaEps    1.3,     // Turbulent Prandtl number for epsilon
            sigmaPhit   1.0,     // Turbulent Prandtl number for phit = sigmaK
        }
    \endverbatim

Note
    The name of the original variable replacing 'v2' is 'phi' (LUU:Eq. 14).
    However, the name 'phi' preexisted in OpenFOAM; therefore, this name was
    replaced by 'phit'

- makes the intent clearer and avoids the need for additional
  constructor casting. Eg,

      labelList(10, Zero)    vs.  labelList(10, 0)
      scalarField(10, Zero)  vs.  scalarField(10, scalar(0))
      vectorField(10, Zero)  vs.  vectorField(10, vector::zero)

- when constructing dimensioned fields that are to be zero-initialized,
  it is preferrable to use a form such as

      dimensionedScalar(dims, Zero)
      dimensionedVector(dims, Zero)

  rather than

      dimensionedScalar("0", dims, 0)
      dimensionedVector("zero", dims, vector::zero)

  This reduces clutter and also avoids any suggestion that the name of
  the dimensioned quantity has any influence on the field's name.

  An even shorter version is possible. Eg,

      dimensionedScalar(dims)

  but reduces the clarity of meaning.

- NB: UniformDimensionedField is an exception to these style changes
  since it does use the name of the dimensioned type (instead of the
  regIOobject).

- use scalar(0) instead of scalar(0.0) etc

Henry Weller authored Oct 11, 2017 and Andrew Heather committed Oct 11, 2017

to support multiphase solvers in which the phases have the same velocity field.

Resolves bug-report http://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2356

in case of tmp misuse.

Simplified tmp reuse pattern in field algebra to use tmp copy and
assignment rather than the complex delayed call to 'ptr()'.

Removed support for unused non-const 'REF' storage of non-tmp objects due to C++
limitation in constructor overloading: if both tmp(T&) and tmp(const T&)
constructors are provided resolution is ambiguous.

The turbulence libraries have been upgraded and '-DCONST_TMP' option
specified in the 'options' file to switch to the new 'tmp' behavior.

It is not clear what form an fvOptions source should take as f is not a
transported dynamic field. For the moment the fvOptions source from the
f-equation has been removed until there is a specific need which will
show what the form should be.

Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1955

     If the solver use psiThermo rho = p*psi. If p < 0 then rho < 0 and
     consequently nu < 0. This happens for steady solvers such as rhoSimpleFoam.
     Adding limiters to laminar nu.

Moved correctNut call from constructors to the new validate function to
avoid problems with construction order and field availability for the
calculation of nut.

To ensure nut is physical and consistent with the turbulence fields the
validate function should be called after the construction of the
turbulence model, fvOptions and any other fields that the calculation of
nut might depend on.

For multiphase solvers the phase construction is not complete at this point.

This is as temporary fix pending the completion of the selectable thermal transport layer

The old separate incompressible and compressible libraries have been removed.

Most of the commonly used RANS and LES models have been upgraded to the
new framework but there are a few missing which will be added over the
next few days, in particular the realizable k-epsilon model.  Some of
the less common incompressible RANS models have been introduced into the
new library instantiated for incompressible flow only.  If they prove to
be generally useful they can be templated for compressible and
multiphase application.

The Spalart-Allmaras DDES and IDDES models have been thoroughly
debugged, removing serious errors concerning the use of S rather than
Omega.

The compressible instances of the models have been augmented by a simple
backward-compatible eddyDiffusivity model for thermal transport based on
alphat and alphaEff.  This will be replaced with a separate run-time
selectable thermal transport model framework in a few weeks.

For simplicity and ease of maintenance and further development the
turbulent transport and wall modeling is based on nut/nuEff rather than
mut/muEff for compressible models so that all forms of turbulence models
can use the same wall-functions and other BCs.

All turbulence model selection made in the constant/turbulenceProperties
dictionary with RAS and LES as sub-dictionaries rather than in separate
files which added huge complexity for multiphase.

All tutorials have been updated so study the changes and update your own
cases by comparison with similar cases provided.

Sorry for the inconvenience in the break in backward-compatibility but
this update to the turbulence modeling is an essential step in the
future of OpenFOAM to allow more models to be added and maintained for a
wider range of cases and physics.  Over the next weeks and months more
turbulence models will be added of single and multiphase flow, more
additional sub-models and further development and testing of existing
models.  I hope this brings benefits to all OpenFOAM users.

Henry G. Weller

Explicitly correct laminar transport at the application level as is done in the multiphase solvers

Required the addition of the divDevRhoR function to all incompressible turbulence models

This reverts commit c5bea524.

This reverts commit b18f6cc1.