to allow iteration over the energy equations to improve stability for phase-change.
Additionally if nEnergyCorrectors is set to 0 the energy equations are
not solved which may be beneficial during the startup of some cases.

Supporting any number of phases with heat and mass transfer, phase-change and reactions

and two-phase functionality separated from multiphase functionality

Select LTS via the ddtScheme:

    ddtSchemes
    {
        default         localEuler rDeltaT;
    }

The LTS algorithm is currently controlled with the standard settings in
controlDict, e.g.:

    maxCo           0.5;
    maxDeltaT       2e-8;

with the addition of the optional rDeltaT smoothing coefficient:

    rDeltaTSmoothingCoeff 0.02;

which defaults to 0.02.

    ddtSchemes
    {
        default         localEuler rDeltaT;
    }

correction in MovingPhaseModel<BasePhaseModel>::correct()

Multi-species, mass-transfer and reaction support and multi-phase
structure provided by William Bainbridge.

Integration of the latest p-U and face-p_U algorithms with William's
multi-phase structure is not quite complete due to design
incompatibilities which needs further development.  However the
integration of the functionality is complete.

The results of the tutorials are not exactly the same for the
twoPhaseEulerFoam and reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam solvers but are very
similar.  Further analysis in needed to ensure these differences are
physical or to resolve them; in the meantime the twoPhaseEulerFoam
solver will be maintained.

fvOptions does not have the appropriate structure to support MRF as it
is based on option selection by user-specified fields whereas MRF MUST
be applied to all velocity fields in the particular solver.  A
consequence of the particular design choices in fvOptions made it
difficult to support MRF for multiphase and it is easier to support
frame-related and field related options separately.

Currently the MRF functionality provided supports only rotations but
the structure will be generalized to support other frame motions
including linear acceleration, SRF rotation and 6DoF which will be
run-time selectable.

This formulation provides C-grid like pressure-flux staggering on an
unstructured mesh which is hugely beneficial for Euler-Euler multiphase
equations as it allows for all forces to be treated in a consistent
manner on the cell-faces which provides better balance, stability and
accuracy.  However, to achieve face-force consistency the momentum
transport terms must be interpolated to the faces reducing accuracy of
this part of the system but this is offset by the increase in accuracy
of the force-balance.

Currently it is not clear if this face-based momentum equation
formulation is preferable for all Euler-Euler simulations so I have
included it on a switch to allow evaluation and comparison with the
previous cell-based formulation.  To try the new algorithm simply switch
it on, e.g.:

PIMPLE
{
    nOuterCorrectors 3;
    nCorrectors      1;
    nNonOrthogonalCorrectors 0;
    faceMomentum     yes;
}

It is proving particularly good for bubbly flows, eliminating the
staggering patterns often seen in the air velocity field with the
previous algorithm, removing other spurious numerical artifacts in the
velocity fields and improving stability and allowing larger time-steps
For particle-gas flows the advantage is noticeable but not nearly as
pronounced as in the bubbly flow cases.

Please test the new algorithm on your cases and provide feedback.

Henry G. Weller
CFD Direct

Updated tutorials to converge pressure during PIMPLE loop to avoid
phase-fraction unboundedness which limits thermodynamics convergence.

Improves stability and convergence of systems in which drag dominates
e.g. small particles in high-speed gas flow.

Additionally a new ddtPhiCorr strategy is included in which correction
is applied only where the phases are nearly pure.  This reduces
staggering patters near the free-surface of bubble-column simulations.

to avoid excessive pressure/buoyancy balance errors on non-orthogonal meshes
Resolves bug-report http://openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1379

Explicitly name derived fields to improve readability of diagnostic messages and avoid duplicate registration