for consistency with the other energy sources.

Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.

Resolves patch request https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2521

Main changes in the tutorial:
  - General cleanup of the phaseProperties of unnecessary entries
  - sensibleEnthalpy is used for both phases
  - setTimeStep functionObject is used to set a sharp reduction in time step near the start of the injection
  - Monitoring of pressure minimum and maximum

Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.

supporting both mesh morphing and topology change.

Description
    Temperature-dependent surface tension model in which the surface tension
    function provided by the phase Foam::liquidProperties class is used.

Usage
    \table
        Property     | Description               | Required    | Default value
        phase        | Phase name                | yes         |
    \endtable

    Example of the surface tension specification:
    \verbatim
        sigma
        {
            type    liquidProperties;
            phase   water;
        }
    \endverbatim

for use with e.g. compressibleInterFoam, see
tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/laminar/depthCharge2D

tutorials/multiphase: Removed unnecessary specification of name and dimensions for transport properties

These models have been particularly designed for use in the VoF solvers, both
incompressible and compressible.  Currently constant and temperature dependent
surface tension models are provided but it easy to write models in which the
surface tension is evaluated from any fields held by the mesh database.

Created a base-class from contactAngleForce from which the
distributionContactAngleForce (for backward compatibility) and the new
temperatureDependentContactAngleForce are derived:

Description
    Temperature dependent contact angle force

    The contact angle in degrees is specified as a \c Function1 type, to
    enable the use of, e.g.  contant, polynomial, table values.

See also
    Foam::regionModels::surfaceFilmModels::contactAngleForce
    Foam::Function1Types

SourceFiles
    temperatureDependentContactAngleForce.C

Resolves bug-report https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2512

generated whenever a BlendedInterfacialModel is created.

Resolves bug-report https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2472

Resolves bug-report https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2492

Fewer limiter iterations are now required to obtain sufficient boundedness and
restart is more consistent.

Both stardard SIMPLE and the SIMPLEC (using the 'consistent' option in
fvSolution) are now supported for both subsonic and transonic flow of all
fluid types.

rhoPimpleFoam now instantiates the lower-level fluidThermo which instantiates
either a psiThermo or rhoThermo according to the 'type' specification in
thermophysicalProperties, see also commit 655fc787

Resolves bug-report https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2477

Both stardard SIMPLE and the SIMPLEC (using the 'consistent' option in
fvSolution) are now supported for both subsonic and transonic flow of all
fluid types.

rhoSimpleFoam now instantiates the lower-level fluidThermo which instantiates
either a psiThermo or rhoThermo according to the 'type' specification in
thermophysicalProperties, e.g.

thermoType
{
    type            hePsiThermo;
    mixture         pureMixture;
    transport       sutherland;
    thermo          janaf;
    equationOfState perfectGas;
    specie          specie;
    energy          sensibleInternalEnergy;
}

instantiates a psiThermo for a perfect gas with JANAF thermodynamics, whereas

thermoType
{
    type            heRhoThermo;
    mixture         pureMixture;
    properties      liquid;
    energy          sensibleInternalEnergy;
}

mixture
{
    H2O;
}

instantiates a rhoThermo for water, see new tutorial
compressible/rhoSimpleFoam/squareBendLiq.

In order to support complex equations of state the pressure can no longer be
unlimited and rhoSimpleFoam now limits the pressure rather than the density to
handle start-up more robustly.

For backward compatibility 'rhoMin' and 'rhoMax' can still be used in the SIMPLE
sub-dictionary of fvSolution which are converted into 'pMax' and 'pMin' but it
is better to set either 'pMax' and 'pMin' directly or use the more convenient
'pMinFactor' and 'pMinFactor' from which 'pMax' and 'pMin' are calculated using
the fixed boundary pressure or reference pressure e.g.

SIMPLE
{
    nNonOrthogonalCorrectors 0;

    pMinFactor      0.1;
    pMaxFactor      1.5;

    transonic       yes;
    consistent      yes;

    residualControl
    {
        p               1e-3;
        U               1e-4;
        e               1e-3;
        "(k|epsilon|omega)" 1e-3;
    }
}

Description
    Base-class for thermophysical properties of solids, liquids and gases
    providing an interface compatible with the templated thermodynamics
    packages.

liquidProperties, solidProperties and thermophysicalFunction libraries have been
combined with the new thermophysicalProperties class into a single
thermophysicalProperties library to simplify compilation and linkage of models,
libraries and applications dependent on these classes.

The fundamental properties provided by the specie class hierarchy were
mole-based, i.e. provide the properties per mole whereas the fundamental
properties provided by the liquidProperties and solidProperties classes are
mass-based, i.e. per unit mass.  This inconsistency made it impossible to
instantiate the thermodynamics packages (rhoThermo, psiThermo) used by the FV
transport solvers on liquidProperties.  In order to combine VoF with film and/or
Lagrangian models it is essential that the physical propertied of the three
representations of the liquid are consistent which means that it is necessary to
instantiate the thermodynamics packages on liquidProperties.  This requires
either liquidProperties to be rewritten mole-based or the specie classes to be
rewritten mass-based.  Given that most of OpenFOAM solvers operate
mass-based (solve for mass-fractions and provide mass-fractions to sub-models it
is more consistent and efficient if the low-level thermodynamics is also
mass-based.

This commit includes all of the changes necessary for all of the thermodynamics
in OpenFOAM to operate mass-based and supports the instantiation of
thermodynamics packages on liquidProperties.

Note that most users, developers and contributors to OpenFOAM will not notice
any difference in the operation of the code except that the confusing

    nMoles     1;

entries in the thermophysicalProperties files are no longer needed or used and
have been removed in this commet.  The only substantial change to the internals
is that species thermodynamics are now "mixed" with mass rather than mole
fractions.  This is more convenient except for defining reaction equilibrium
thermodynamics for which the molar rather than mass composition is usually know.
The consequence of this can be seen in the adiabaticFlameT, equilibriumCO and
equilibriumFlameT utilities in which the species thermodynamics are
pre-multiplied by their molecular mass to effectively convert them to mole-basis
to simplify the definition of the reaction equilibrium thermodynamics, e.g. in
equilibriumCO

    // Reactants (mole-based)
    thermo FUEL(thermoData.subDict(fuelName)); FUEL *= FUEL.W();

    // Oxidant (mole-based)
    thermo O2(thermoData.subDict("O2")); O2 *= O2.W();
    thermo N2(thermoData.subDict("N2")); N2 *= N2.W();

    // Intermediates (mole-based)
    thermo H2(thermoData.subDict("H2")); H2 *= H2.W();

    // Products (mole-based)
    thermo CO2(thermoData.subDict("CO2")); CO2 *= CO2.W();
    thermo H2O(thermoData.subDict("H2O")); H2O *= H2O.W();
    thermo CO(thermoData.subDict("CO")); CO *= CO.W();

    // Product dissociation reactions

    thermo CO2BreakUp
    (
        CO2 == CO + 0.5*O2
    );

    thermo H2OBreakUp
    (
        H2O == H2 + 0.5*O2
    );

Please report any problems with this substantial but necessary rewrite of the
thermodynamic at https://bugs.openfoam.org

Henry G. Weller
CFD Direct Ltd.

Now the interFoam and compressibleInterFoam families of solvers use the same
alphaEqn formulation and supporting all of the MULES options without
code-duplication.

The semi-implicit MULES support allows running with significantly larger
time-steps but this does reduce the interface sharpness.

Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT
Resolves patch request https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2446

Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.
Resolves patch request https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2443

The previous time-step compression flux is not valid/accurate on the new mesh
and it is better to re-calculate it rather than map it from the previous mesh to
the new mesh.

Resolves bug-report https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2438

Avoids slight phase-fraction unboundedness at entertainment BCs and improved
robustness.

Additionally the phase-fractions in the multi-phase (rather than two-phase)
solvers are adjusted to avoid the slow growth of inconsistency ("drift") caused
by solving for all of the phase-fractions rather than deriving one from the
others.

e.g. in the reactingFoam/laminar/counterFlowFlame2DLTS tutorial:

PIMPLE
{
    momentumPredictor no;
    nOuterCorrectors  1;
    nCorrectors     1;
    nNonOrthogonalCorrectors 0;

    maxDeltaT       1e-2;
    maxCo           1;
    alphaTemp       0.05;
    alphaY          0.05;
    Yref
    {
        O2          0.1;
        ".*"        1;
    }
    rDeltaTSmoothingCoeff 1;
    rDeltaTDampingCoeff 1;
}

will limit the LTS time-step according to the rate of consumption of 'O2'
normalized by the reference mass-fraction of 0.1 and all other species
normalized by the reference mass-fraction of 1.  Additionally the time-step
factor of 'alphaY' is applied to all species.  Only the species specified in the
'Yref' sub-dictionary are included in the LTS limiter and if 'alphaY' is omitted
or set to 1 the reaction rates are not included in the LTS limiter.

Combined 'dQ()' and 'Sh()' into 'Qdot()' which returns the heat-release rate in
the normal units [kg/m/s3] and used as the heat release rate source term in
the energy equations, to set the field 'Qdot' in several combustion solvers
and for the evaluation of the local time-step when running LTS.

Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.