Multi-species, mass-transfer and reaction support and multi-phase
structure provided by William Bainbridge.

Integration of the latest p-U and face-p_U algorithms with William's
multi-phase structure is not quite complete due to design
incompatibilities which needs further development.  However the
integration of the functionality is complete.

The results of the tutorials are not exactly the same for the
twoPhaseEulerFoam and reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam solvers but are very
similar.  Further analysis in needed to ensure these differences are
physical or to resolve them; in the meantime the twoPhaseEulerFoam
solver will be maintained.

twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/sphericalHeatTransfer: new heat-transfer model

Model which applies an analytical solution for heat transfer from the
surface of a sphere to the fluid within the sphere.

Provided by William Bainbridge

This is necessary to guarantee consistency between the residualAlpha
used for drag and buoyancy in a multi-phase system

Resolves bug-report http://openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1730

fvOptions does not have the appropriate structure to support MRF as it
is based on option selection by user-specified fields whereas MRF MUST
be applied to all velocity fields in the particular solver.  A
consequence of the particular design choices in fvOptions made it
difficult to support MRF for multiphase and it is easier to support
frame-related and field related options separately.

Currently the MRF functionality provided supports only rotations but
the structure will be generalized to support other frame motions
including linear acceleration, SRF rotation and 6DoF which will be
run-time selectable.

SIMPLEC (SIMPLE-consistent) is selected by setting "consistent" option true/yes:

SIMPLE
{
    nNonOrthogonalCorrectors 0;
    consistent yes;
}

which relaxes the pressure in a "consistent" manner and additional
relaxation of the pressure is not generally necessary.  In addition
convergence of the p-U system is better and reliable with less
aggressive relaxation of the momentum equation, e.g. for the motorbike
tutorial:

relaxationFactors
{
    equations
    {
        U               0.9;
        k               0.7;
        omega           0.7;
    }
}

The cost per iteration is marginally higher but the convergence rate is
better so the number of iterations can be reduced.

The SIMPLEC algorithm also provides benefit for cases with large
body-forces, e.g. SRF, see tutorials/incompressible/SRFSimpleFoam/mixer
and feature request http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1714

Resolves second part of http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1717

Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1712

mapFields: Reinstated mapFields from OpenFOAM-2.2.x and renamed the current mapFields -> mapFieldsPar

This required the addition of the meshToMesh class in the sampling
library from OpenFOAM-2.2.x which is now named meshToMesh0.

streamFunction: Evaluate which coordinate plan the 2D geometry is in filter-out the normal component
Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1703

If -rm is specified with the -processor option the selected time
directories are removed from all the processor directories.

twoPhaseEulerFoam: Update only the fixed-value phi patch fields before constructing the pressure eqn
Avoids small continuity error in parallel

to create single layer extrusions with wedge and empty front and back
patches respectively.

refineMesh: Improved command-line argument handling to be more consistent with other OpenFOAM utilities

    Command-line option handling:
    + If -all specified or no refineMeshDict exists or, refine all cells
    + If -dict <file> specified refine according to <file>
    + If refineMeshDict exists refine according to refineMeshDict

    When the refinement or all cells is selected apply 3D refinement for 3D
    cases and 2D refinement for 2D cases.

twoPhaseEulerFoam: In the limit of phase-fraction->0 the velocity is calculated from a force balance

Rather than forcing the dispersed-phase velocity -> the continuous-phase
velocity as the phase-fraction -> 0 the velocity is now calculated from
a balance of pressure, buoyancy and drag forces.  The advantage is now
liquid or particles are not carried out of bubble-column of
fluidised-beds by the fictitious drag caused by forcing the
phase-velocities becoming equal in the limit.

Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1680

consistent with multiphaseInterFoam and other VoF solvers

nLimiterIter: Number of iterations during limiter construction
    3 (default) is sufficient for 3D simulations with a Courant number 0.5 or so
    For larger Courant numbers larger values may be needed but this is
    only relevant for IMULES and CMULES

smoothLimiter: Coefficient to smooth the limiter to avoid "diamond"
    staggering patters seen in regions of low particle phase-fraction in
    fluidised-bed simulations.

    The default is 0 as it is not needed for all simulations.
    A value of 0.1 is appropriate for fluidised-bed simulations.
    The useful range is 0 -> 0.5.
    Values larger than 0.5 may cause excessive smearing of the solution.

This formulation provides C-grid like pressure-flux staggering on an
unstructured mesh which is hugely beneficial for Euler-Euler multiphase
equations as it allows for all forces to be treated in a consistent
manner on the cell-faces which provides better balance, stability and
accuracy.  However, to achieve face-force consistency the momentum
transport terms must be interpolated to the faces reducing accuracy of
this part of the system but this is offset by the increase in accuracy
of the force-balance.

Currently it is not clear if this face-based momentum equation
formulation is preferable for all Euler-Euler simulations so I have
included it on a switch to allow evaluation and comparison with the
previous cell-based formulation.  To try the new algorithm simply switch
it on, e.g.:

PIMPLE
{
    nOuterCorrectors 3;
    nCorrectors      1;
    nNonOrthogonalCorrectors 0;
    faceMomentum     yes;
}

It is proving particularly good for bubbly flows, eliminating the
staggering patterns often seen in the air velocity field with the
previous algorithm, removing other spurious numerical artifacts in the
velocity fields and improving stability and allowing larger time-steps
For particle-gas flows the advantage is noticeable but not nearly as
pronounced as in the bubbly flow cases.

Please test the new algorithm on your cases and provide feedback.

Henry G. Weller
CFD Direct

Use the new -withFunctionObjects command-line option to execute functionObjects

Pe: Create and write volScalarField in addition to the surfaceScalarField for ease of post-processing
Update handling of turbulence models

To include 0 use the -zeroTime option