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    ENH: added the adjoint to the kOmega SST turbulence model · 8f7fc54c
    Vaggelis Papoutsis authored and Andrew Heather's avatar Andrew Heather committed
    for incompressible flows. The typical convention of appending the primal
    field name with 'a' to form the adjoint field is followed for the
    adjoint turbulent kinetic energy (i.e. 'ka') but since this would produce
    an ugly variable name for the adjoint to omega (i.e. omegaa), the latter
    is abbreviated to 'wa'.
    
    The work is based on
    
    \verbatim
        Kavvadias, I., Papoutsis-Kiachagias, E.,
        Dimitrakopoulos, G., & Giannakoglou, K.  (2014).
        The continuous adjoint approach to the k–$omega$ SST turbulence model with
        applications in shape optimization
        Engineering Optimization, 47(11), 1523-1542.
        https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2014.979816
    \endverbatim
    
    with changes in the discretisation of
    a number of differential operators and the formulation of the adjoint to
    the wall functions employed by the primal model.
    
    Regarding the latter, the code assumes (and differentiates) the default
    behaviour of nutkWallFunction (i.e. nutWallFunction::blendingType::STEPWISE)
    and omegaWallFunction (i.e. omegaWallFunction::blendingType::BINOMIAL2).
    
    Due to the availability of a number of terms required for the
    formulation of the wall function for ka, the latter is implemented
    within adjointkOmegaSST itself, with contributions from objective functions
    implemented within kaqRWallFunction. Wall functions for wa are
    implemented within waWallFunction.
    
    The initial implementation of the above-mentioned reference was
    performed by Dr. Ioannis Kavvadias
    8f7fc54c