By specifying the optional outside surface emissivity radiative heat transfer to
the ambient conditions is enabled.  The far-field is assumed to have an
emissivity of 1 but this could be made an optional input in the future if
needed.

Relaxation of the surface temperature is now provided via the optional
"relaxation" which aids stability of steady-state runs with strong radiative
coupling to the boundary.

by combining with and rationalizing functionality from
turbulentHeatFluxTemperatureFvPatchScalarField.
externalWallHeatFluxTemperatureFvPatchScalarField now replaces
turbulentHeatFluxTemperatureFvPatchScalarField which is no longer needed and has
been removed.

Description
    This boundary condition applies a heat flux condition to temperature
    on an external wall in one of three modes:

      - fixed power: supply Q
      - fixed heat flux: supply q
      - fixed heat transfer coefficient: supply h and Ta

    where:
    \vartable
        Q  | Power [W]
        q  | Heat flux [W/m^2]
        h  | Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K]
        Ta | Ambient temperature [K]
    \endvartable

    For heat transfer coefficient mode optional thin thermal layer resistances
    can be specified through thicknessLayers and kappaLayers entries.

    The thermal conductivity \c kappa can either be retrieved from various
    possible sources, as detailed in the class temperatureCoupledBase.

Usage
    \table
    Property     | Description                 | Required | Default value
    mode         | 'power', 'flux' or 'coefficient' | yes |
    Q            | Power [W]                   | for mode 'power'     |
    q            | Heat flux [W/m^2]           | for mode 'flux'     |
    h            | Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] | for mode 'coefficent' |
    Ta           | Ambient temperature [K]     | for mode 'coefficient' |
    thicknessLayers | Layer thicknesses [m] | no |
    kappaLayers  | Layer thermal conductivities [W/m/K] | no |
    qr           | Name of the radiative field | no | none
    qrRelaxation | Relaxation factor for radiative field | no | 1
    kappaMethod  | Inherited from temperatureCoupledBase | inherited |
    kappa        | Inherited from temperatureCoupledBase | inherited |
    \endtable

    Example of the boundary condition specification:
    \verbatim
    <patchName>
    {
        type            externalWallHeatFluxTemperature;

        mode            coefficient;

        Ta              uniform 300.0;
        h               uniform 10.0;
        thicknessLayers (0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4);
        kappaLayers     (1 2 3 4);

        kappaMethod     fluidThermo;

        value           $internalField;
    }
    \endverbatim

Patch contributed by Mattijs Janssens
Resolves bug-report http://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=2323

GeometricField: Renamed internalField() -> primitiveField() and dimensionedInternalField() -> internalField()

These new names are more consistent and logical because:

primitiveField():
primitiveFieldRef():
    Provides low-level access to the Field<Type> (primitive field)
    without dimension or mesh-consistency checking.  This should only be
    used in the low-level functions where dimensional consistency is
    ensured by careful programming and computational efficiency is
    paramount.

internalField():
internalFieldRef():
    Provides access to the DimensionedField<Type, GeoMesh> of values on
    the internal mesh-type for which the GeometricField is defined and
    supports dimension and checking and mesh-consistency checking.

Patch contributed by Bruno Santos
Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=2052

Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1967

Avoids the clutter and maintenance effort associated with providing the
function signature string.

Resolves bug-report http://openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1704

The old separate incompressible and compressible libraries have been removed.

Most of the commonly used RANS and LES models have been upgraded to the
new framework but there are a few missing which will be added over the
next few days, in particular the realizable k-epsilon model.  Some of
the less common incompressible RANS models have been introduced into the
new library instantiated for incompressible flow only.  If they prove to
be generally useful they can be templated for compressible and
multiphase application.

The Spalart-Allmaras DDES and IDDES models have been thoroughly
debugged, removing serious errors concerning the use of S rather than
Omega.

The compressible instances of the models have been augmented by a simple
backward-compatible eddyDiffusivity model for thermal transport based on
alphat and alphaEff.  This will be replaced with a separate run-time
selectable thermal transport model framework in a few weeks.

For simplicity and ease of maintenance and further development the
turbulent transport and wall modeling is based on nut/nuEff rather than
mut/muEff for compressible models so that all forms of turbulence models
can use the same wall-functions and other BCs.

All turbulence model selection made in the constant/turbulenceProperties
dictionary with RAS and LES as sub-dictionaries rather than in separate
files which added huge complexity for multiphase.

All tutorials have been updated so study the changes and update your own
cases by comparison with similar cases provided.

Sorry for the inconvenience in the break in backward-compatibility but
this update to the turbulence modeling is an essential step in the
future of OpenFOAM to allow more models to be added and maintained for a
wider range of cases and physics.  Over the next weeks and months more
turbulence models will be added of single and multiphase flow, more
additional sub-models and further development and testing of existing
models.  I hope this brings benefits to all OpenFOAM users.

Henry G. Weller

heatTrandferType in some constructors

updating tutorials

externalWallHeatFlux

- Re-located mapped point patches
- Updated mapped patch write
- deprecated directMapped in favour of mapped
- updated resulting dependancies - apps/libs/tuts