TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/LES: Three new LES SGS models for two-phase flow

src/TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/LES/Niceno/NicenoKEqn.C

+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "NicenoKEqn.H"
+#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
+#include "twoPhaseSystem.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace LESModels
+{
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+NicenoKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::NicenoKEqn
+(
+    const alphaField& alpha,
+    const rhoField& rho,
+    const volVectorField& U,
+    const surfaceScalarField& alphaPhi,
+    const surfaceScalarField& phi,
+    const transportModel& transport,
+    const word& propertiesName,
+    const word& type
+)
+:
+    kEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>
+    (
+        alpha,
+        rho,
+        U,
+        alphaPhi,
+        phi,
+        transport,
+        propertiesName,
+        type
+    ),
+
+    gasTurbulencePtr_(NULL),
+
+    alphaInversion_
+    (
+        dimensioned<scalar>::lookupOrAddToDict
+        (
+            "alphaInversion",
+            this->coeffDict_,
+            0.3
+        )
+    ),
+
+    Cp_
+    (
+        dimensioned<scalar>::lookupOrAddToDict
+        (
+            "Cp",
+            this->coeffDict_,
+            this->Ck_.value()
+        )
+    ),
+
+    Cmub_
+    (
+        dimensioned<scalar>::lookupOrAddToDict
+        (
+            "Cmub",
+            this->coeffDict_,
+            0.6
+        )
+    )
+{
+    if (type == typeName)
+    {
+        correctNut();
+        this->printCoeffs(type);
+    }
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+bool NicenoKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::read()
+{
+    if (kEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::read())
+    {
+        alphaInversion_.readIfPresent(this->coeffDict());
+        Cp_.readIfPresent(this->coeffDict());
+        Cmub_.readIfPresent(this->coeffDict());
+
+        return true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel
+<
+    typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel
+>&
+NicenoKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::gasTurbulence() const
+{
+    if (!gasTurbulencePtr_)
+    {
+        const volVectorField& U = this->U_;
+
+        const transportModel& liquid = this->transport();
+        const twoPhaseSystem& fluid = liquid.fluid();
+        const transportModel& gas = fluid.otherPhase(liquid);
+
+        gasTurbulencePtr_ =
+           &U.db()
+           .lookupObject<PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel<transportModel> >
+            (
+                IOobject::groupName
+                (
+                    turbulenceModel::propertiesName,
+                    gas.name()
+                )
+            );
+    }
+
+    return *gasTurbulencePtr_;
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+void NicenoKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::correctNut()
+{
+    const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel<transportModel>& gasTurbulence =
+        this->gasTurbulence();
+
+    this->nut_ =
+        this->Ck_*sqrt(this->k_)*this->delta()
+      + Cmub_*gasTurbulence.transport().d()*gasTurbulence.alpha()
+       *(mag(this->U_ - gasTurbulence.U()));
+
+    this->nut_.correctBoundaryConditions();
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+tmp<volScalarField> NicenoKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::bubbleG() const
+{
+    const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel<transportModel>& gasTurbulence =
+        this->gasTurbulence();
+
+    const transportModel& liquid = this->transport();
+    const twoPhaseSystem& fluid = liquid.fluid();
+    const transportModel& gas = fluid.otherPhase(liquid);
+
+    volScalarField magUr(mag(this->U_ - gasTurbulence.U()));
+
+    tmp<volScalarField> bubbleG
+    (
+        Cp_*gas*sqr(magUr)*fluid.drag(gas).K(magUr)/liquid.rho()
+    );
+
+    return bubbleG;
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+tmp<volScalarField>
+NicenoKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::phaseTransferCoeff() const
+{
+    const volVectorField& U = this->U_;
+    const alphaField& alpha = this->alpha_;
+    const rhoField& rho = this->rho_;
+
+    const turbulenceModel& gasTurbulence = this->gasTurbulence();
+
+    return
+    (
+        max(alphaInversion_ - alpha, 0.0)
+       *rho
+       *min
+        (
+            this->Ce_*sqrt(gasTurbulence.k())/this->delta(),
+            1.0/U.time().deltaT()
+        )
+    );
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+tmp<fvScalarMatrix> NicenoKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::kSource() const
+{
+    const alphaField& alpha = this->alpha_;
+    const rhoField& rho = this->rho_;
+
+    const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel<transportModel>& gasTurbulence =
+        this->gasTurbulence();
+
+    const volScalarField phaseTransferCoeff(this->phaseTransferCoeff());
+
+    return
+        alpha*rho*bubbleG()
+      + phaseTransferCoeff*gasTurbulence.k()
+      - fvm::Sp(phaseTransferCoeff, this->k_);
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace LESModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

src/TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/LES/Niceno/NicenoKEqn.H

+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Class
+    Foam::LESModels::NicenoKEqn
+
+Group
+    grpLESTurbulence
+
+Description
+    One-equation SGS model for the continuous phase in a two-phase system
+    including bubble-generated turbulence.
+
+    Reference:
+    \verbatim
+        "One-equation sub-grid scale (SGS) modelling for Euler-Euler
+        large eddy simulation (EELES) of dispersed bubbly flow"
+        B. Niceno,
+        M.T. Dhotre,
+        N.G. Dee
+        Chemical Engineering Science 63 (2008) pp. 3923-3931.
+    \endverbatim
+
+    The default model coefficients correspond to the following:
+    \verbatim
+        NicenoKEqnCoeffs
+        {
+            Ck              0.094;
+            Ce              1.048;
+            alphaInversion  0.3;
+            Cp              Ck;
+            Cmub            0.6;
+        }
+    \endverbatim
+
+SourceFiles
+    NicenoKEqn.C
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef NicenoKEqn_H
+#define NicenoKEqn_H
+
+#include "kEqn.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace LESModels
+{
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+                           Class NicenoKEqn Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+class NicenoKEqn
+:
+    public kEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>
+{
+    // Private data
+
+        mutable const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel
+        <
+            typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel
+        > *gasTurbulencePtr_;
+
+
+    // Private Member Functions
+
+        //- Return the turbulence model for the gas phase
+        const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel
+        <
+            typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel
+        >&
+        gasTurbulence() const;
+
+        // Disallow default bitwise copy construct and assignment
+        NicenoKEqn(const NicenoKEqn&);
+        NicenoKEqn& operator=(const NicenoKEqn&);
+
+
+protected:
+
+    // Protected data
+
+        // Model coefficients
+
+            dimensionedScalar alphaInversion_;
+            dimensionedScalar Cp_;
+            dimensionedScalar Cmub_;
+
+
+    // Protected Member Functions
+
+        virtual void correctNut();
+        tmp<volScalarField> bubbleG() const;
+        tmp<volScalarField> phaseTransferCoeff() const;
+        virtual tmp<fvScalarMatrix> kSource() const;
+
+
+public:
+
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::alphaField alphaField;
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::rhoField rhoField;
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel transportModel;
+
+
+    //- Runtime type information
+    TypeName("NicenoKEqn");
+
+
+    // Constructors
+
+        //- Construct from components
+        NicenoKEqn
+        (
+            const alphaField& alpha,
+            const rhoField& rho,
+            const volVectorField& U,
+            const surfaceScalarField& alphaPhi,
+            const surfaceScalarField& phi,
+            const transportModel& transport,
+            const word& propertiesName = turbulenceModel::propertiesName,
+            const word& type = typeName
+        );
+
+
+    //- Destructor
+    virtual ~NicenoKEqn()
+    {}
+
+
+    // Member Functions
+
+        //- Read model coefficients if they have changed
+        virtual bool read();
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace LESModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#ifdef NoRepository
+#   include "NicenoKEqn.C"
+#endif
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

src/TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/LES/SmagorinskyZhang/SmagorinskyZhang.C

+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "SmagorinskyZhang.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace LESModels
+{
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+SmagorinskyZhang<BasicTurbulenceModel>::SmagorinskyZhang
+(
+    const alphaField& alpha,
+    const rhoField& rho,
+    const volVectorField& U,
+    const surfaceScalarField& alphaPhi,
+    const surfaceScalarField& phi,
+    const transportModel& transport,
+    const word& propertiesName,
+    const word& type
+)
+:
+    Smagorinsky<BasicTurbulenceModel>
+    (
+        alpha,
+        rho,
+        U,
+        alphaPhi,
+        phi,
+        transport,
+        propertiesName,
+        type
+    ),
+
+    gasTurbulencePtr_(NULL),
+
+    Cmub_
+    (
+        dimensioned<scalar>::lookupOrAddToDict
+        (
+            "Cmub",
+            this->coeffDict_,
+            0.6
+        )
+    )
+{
+    if (type == typeName)
+    {
+        correctNut();
+        this->printCoeffs(type);
+    }
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+bool SmagorinskyZhang<BasicTurbulenceModel>::read()
+{
+    if (Smagorinsky<BasicTurbulenceModel>::read())
+    {
+        Cmub_.readIfPresent(this->coeffDict());
+
+        return true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel
+<
+    typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel
+>&
+SmagorinskyZhang<BasicTurbulenceModel>::gasTurbulence() const
+{
+    if (!gasTurbulencePtr_)
+    {
+        const volVectorField& U = this->U_;
+
+        const transportModel& liquid = this->transport();
+        const twoPhaseSystem& fluid = liquid.fluid();
+        const transportModel& gas = fluid.otherPhase(liquid);
+
+        gasTurbulencePtr_ =
+           &U.db()
+           .lookupObject<PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel<transportModel> >
+            (
+                IOobject::groupName
+                (
+                    turbulenceModel::propertiesName,
+                    gas.name()
+                )
+            );
+    }
+
+    return *gasTurbulencePtr_;
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+void SmagorinskyZhang<BasicTurbulenceModel>::correctNut()
+{
+    const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel<transportModel>& gasTurbulence =
+        this->gasTurbulence();
+
+    volScalarField k(this->k(fvc::grad(this->U_)));
+
+    this->nut_ =
+        this->Ck_*sqrt(k)*this->delta()
+      + Cmub_*gasTurbulence.transport().d()*gasTurbulence.alpha()
+       *(mag(this->U_ - gasTurbulence.U()));
+
+    this->nut_.correctBoundaryConditions();
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace LESModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

src/TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/LES/SmagorinskyZhang/SmagorinskyZhang.H

+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Class
+    Foam::LESModels::SmagorinskyZhang
+
+Group
+    grpLESTurbulence
+
+Description
+    The Smagorinsky SGS model including bubble-generated turbulence
+
+    Reference:
+    \verbatim
+        "Numerical simulation of the dynamic flow behavior in a bubble column:
+        A study of closures for turbulence and interface forces"
+        D. Zhang,
+        N.G. Deen,
+        J.A.M. Kuipers,
+        Chemical Engineering Science 61 (2006) pp 7593-7608.
+    \endverbatim
+
+    The default model coefficients correspond to the following:
+    \verbatim
+        SmagorinskyZhangCoeffs
+        {
+            Ck              0.094;
+            Ce              1.048;
+            Cmub            0.6;
+        }
+    \endverbatim
+
+SourceFiles
+    SmagorinskyZhang.C
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef SmagorinskyZhang_H
+#define SmagorinskyZhang_H
+
+#include "LESModel.H"
+#include "eddyViscosity.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace LESModels
+{
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+                           Class SmagorinskyZhang Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+class SmagorinskyZhang
+:
+    public Smagorinsky<BasicTurbulenceModel>
+{
+    // Private data
+
+        mutable const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel
+        <
+            typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel
+        > *gasTurbulencePtr_;
+
+
+    // Private Member Functions
+
+        //- Return the turbulence model for the gas phase
+        const PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel
+        <
+            typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel
+        >&
+        gasTurbulence() const;
+
+        // Disallow default bitwise copy construct and assignment
+        SmagorinskyZhang(const SmagorinskyZhang&);
+        SmagorinskyZhang& operator=(const SmagorinskyZhang&);
+
+
+protected:
+
+    // Protected data
+
+        // Model coefficients
+
+            dimensionedScalar Cmub_;
+
+
+    // Protected Member Functions
+
+        virtual void correctNut();
+
+
+public:
+
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::alphaField alphaField;
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::rhoField rhoField;
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel transportModel;
+
+
+    //- Runtime type information
+    TypeName("SmagorinskyZhang");
+
+
+    // Constructors
+
+        //- Construct from components
+        SmagorinskyZhang
+        (
+            const alphaField& alpha,
+            const rhoField& rho,
+            const volVectorField& U,
+            const surfaceScalarField& alphaPhi,
+            const surfaceScalarField& phi,
+            const transportModel& transport,
+            const word& propertiesName = turbulenceModel::propertiesName,
+            const word& type = typeName
+        );
+
+
+    //- Destructor
+    virtual ~SmagorinskyZhang()
+    {}
+
+
+    // Member Functions
+
+        //- Read model coefficients if they have changed
+        virtual bool read();
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace LESModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#ifdef NoRepository
+#   include "SmagorinskyZhang.C"
+#endif
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

src/TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/LES/continuousGasKEqn/continuousGasKEqn.C

+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "continuousGasKEqn.H"
+#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace LESModels
+{
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+continuousGasKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::continuousGasKEqn
+(
+    const alphaField& alpha,
+    const rhoField& rho,
+    const volVectorField& U,
+    const surfaceScalarField& alphaPhi,
+    const surfaceScalarField& phi,
+    const transportModel& transport,
+    const word& propertiesName,
+    const word& type
+)
+:
+    kEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>
+    (
+        alpha,
+        rho,
+        U,
+        alphaPhi,
+        phi,
+        transport,
+        propertiesName,
+        type
+    ),
+
+    liquidTurbulencePtr_(NULL),
+
+    alphaInversion_
+    (
+        dimensioned<scalar>::lookupOrAddToDict
+        (
+            "alphaInversion",
+            this->coeffDict_,
+            0.7
+        )
+    )
+{
+    if (type == typeName)
+    {
+        kEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::correctNut();
+        this->printCoeffs(type);
+    }
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+bool continuousGasKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::read()
+{
+    if (kEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::read())
+    {
+        alphaInversion_.readIfPresent(this->coeffDict());
+
+        return true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+const turbulenceModel&
+continuousGasKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::liquidTurbulence() const
+{
+    if (!liquidTurbulencePtr_)
+    {
+        const volVectorField& U = this->U_;
+
+        const transportModel& gas = this->transport();
+        const twoPhaseSystem& fluid = gas.fluid();
+        const transportModel& liquid = fluid.otherPhase(gas);
+
+        liquidTurbulencePtr_ =
+           &U.db().lookupObject<turbulenceModel>
+            (
+                IOobject::groupName
+                (
+                    turbulenceModel::propertiesName,
+                    liquid.name()
+                )
+            );
+    }
+
+    return *liquidTurbulencePtr_;
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+tmp<volScalarField>
+continuousGasKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::phaseTransferCoeff() const
+{
+    const volVectorField& U = this->U_;
+    const alphaField& alpha = this->alpha_;
+    const rhoField& rho = this->rho_;
+
+    const turbulenceModel& liquidTurbulence = this->liquidTurbulence();
+
+    return
+    (
+        max(alphaInversion_ - alpha, 0.0)
+       *rho
+       *min
+        (
+            this->Ce_*sqrt(liquidTurbulence.k())/this->delta(),
+            1.0/U.time().deltaT()
+        )
+    );
+}
+
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+tmp<fvScalarMatrix>
+continuousGasKEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>::kSource() const
+{
+    const turbulenceModel& liquidTurbulence = this->liquidTurbulence();
+    const volScalarField phaseTransferCoeff(this->phaseTransferCoeff());
+
+    return
+        phaseTransferCoeff*liquidTurbulence.k()
+      - fvm::Sp(phaseTransferCoeff, this->k_);
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace LESModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

src/TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/LES/continuousGasKEqn/continuousGasKEqn.H

+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Class
+    Foam::LESModels::continuousGasKEqn
+
+Group
+    grpLESTurbulence
+
+Description
+    One-equation SGS model for the gas-phase in a two-phase system
+    supporting phase-inversion.
+
+    In the limit that the gas-phase fraction approaches zero a contribution from
+    the other phase is blended into the k-equation up to the phase-fraction of
+    alphaInversion at which point phase-inversion is considered to have occurred
+    and the model reverts to the pure single-phase form.
+
+    This model is unpublished and is provided as a stable numerical framework
+    on which a more physical model may be built.
+
+    The default model coefficients correspond to the following:
+    \verbatim
+        continuousKEqnCoeffs
+        {
+            Ck              0.094;
+            Ce              1.048;
+            alphaInversion  0.7;
+        }
+    \endverbatim
+
+SourceFiles
+    continuousGasKEqn.C
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef continuousGasKEqn_H
+#define continuousGasKEqn_H
+
+#include "kEqn.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace LESModels
+{
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+                           Class continuousGasKEqn Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+template<class BasicTurbulenceModel>
+class continuousGasKEqn
+:
+    public kEqn<BasicTurbulenceModel>
+{
+    // Private data
+
+        mutable const turbulenceModel *liquidTurbulencePtr_;
+
+
+    // Private Member Functions
+
+        // Disallow default bitwise copy construct and assignment
+        continuousGasKEqn(const continuousGasKEqn&);
+        continuousGasKEqn& operator=(const continuousGasKEqn&);
+
+
+protected:
+
+    // Protected data
+
+        // Model coefficients
+
+            dimensionedScalar alphaInversion_;
+
+
+    // Protected Member Functions
+
+        //- Return the turbulence model for the liquid phase
+        const turbulenceModel& liquidTurbulence() const;
+
+        tmp<volScalarField> phaseTransferCoeff() const;
+        virtual tmp<fvScalarMatrix> kSource() const;
+
+
+public:
+
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::alphaField alphaField;
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::rhoField rhoField;
+    typedef typename BasicTurbulenceModel::transportModel transportModel;
+
+
+    //- Runtime type information
+    TypeName("continuousGasKEqn");
+
+
+    // Constructors
+
+        //- Construct from components
+        continuousGasKEqn
+        (
+            const alphaField& alpha,
+            const rhoField& rho,
+            const volVectorField& U,
+            const surfaceScalarField& alphaPhi,
+            const surfaceScalarField& phi,
+            const transportModel& transport,
+            const word& propertiesName = turbulenceModel::propertiesName,
+            const word& type = typeName
+        );
+
+
+    //- Destructor
+    virtual ~continuousGasKEqn()
+    {}
+
+
+    // Member Functions
+
+        //- Read model coefficients if they have changed
+        virtual bool read();
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace LESModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#ifdef NoRepository
+#   include "continuousGasKEqn.C"
+#endif
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //