Improvements to HashTable internals

See merge request !158

- make single-parameter construct (label) explicit
- consolidate iterators
- slightly reduced overhead for some HashSet types
- improved resizing behaviour
- compact output for empty Ptr hashes

- unused, unmaintained and slower than the regular HashTable

- the zero::null and one::null sub-classes add an additional null
  output adapter.

  The function of the nil class (special-purpose class only used for
  HashSet) is now taken by zero::null.

- use (value <= VSMALL) instead of (value < VSMALL) for consistency
  with what equal(value, 0) delivers.

- add -compiler=NAME option to remove a build or platforms directory
  corresponding to any specified compiler on the current arch.

- when -compiler or -compiler=NAME is specified, also clean related
  sub-directories as well. This will cleanup mpi-related directory.

- consistent with C++ STL conventions, the reverse iterators should
  use operator++ to transit the list from rbegin() to rend().

  The previous implementation used raw pointers, which meant that they
  had the opposite behaviour: operator-- to transit from rbegin() to
  rend().

  The updated version only has operator++ defined, thus the compiler
  should catch any possible instances where people were using the old
  (incorrect) versions.

- updated forAllReverseIters() and forAllConstReverseIters() macros to
  be consistent with new implementation and with C++ STL conventions.

- forAllReverseIters and forAllReverseConstIters macros
- stdFoam::rbegin(), stdFoam::rend()
  stdFoam::crbegin(), stdFoam::crend()

Feature dictionary scoping lvalue

See merge request !124

- previously using a top-level #include would inadvertently remove the
  original header

- Instead of relying on #inputMode to effect a global change it is now
  possible (and recommended) to a temporary change in the inputMode
  for the following entry.

     #default   : provide default value if entry is not already defined
     #overwrite : silently remove a previously existing entry
     #warn      : warn about duplicate entries
     #error     : error if any duplicate entries occur
     #merge     : merge sub-dictionaries when possible (the default mode)

  This is generally less cumbersome than the switching the global
  inputMode. For example to provide a set of fallback values.

      #includeIfPresent "user-files"
      ...
      #default value uniform 10;

  vs.

      #includeIfPresent "user-files"
      #inputMode protect
      ...
      value uniform 10;
      #inputMode merge    // _Assuming_ we actually had this before

  These directives can also be used to suppress the normal dictionary
  merge semantics:

     #overwrite dict { entry val; ... }

- patterns only supported for the final element.

  To create an element as a pattern instead of a word, an embedded
  string quote (single or double) is used for that element.
  Any of the following examples:

      "/top/sub/dict/'(p|U).*"     100;
      "/top/sub/dict/'(p|U).*'"    100;
      "/top/sub/dict/\"(p|U).*"    100;
      "/top/sub/dict/\"(p|U).*\""  100;

  are equivalent to the longer form:

      top
      {
          sub
          {
              dict
              {
                  "(p|U).*"     100;
              }
          }
      }

  It is not currently possible to auto-vivify intermediate
  dictionaries with patterns.

    NOK   "/nonexistent.*/value"   100;
    OK    "/existing.*/value"      100;

- full scoping also works for the #remove directive

        #remove "/dict1/subdict2/entry1"

- convenience -diffEtc option that behaves like -diff, but invokes
  foamEtcFile searching

STYLE: modernize code.

- csearch(), search(), csearchScoped(), searchScoped() methods
  can be used to find an entry and also retain the enclosing
  dictionary context.

- To avoid ambiguity between a dot (.) as a scoping character and
  legal part of a keyword, entries can now be accessed directly using
  slash-scoping semantics similar to file-names:

    * cfindScopedDictPtr, findScopedDictPtr

- To get or create a sub-dictionary entry:

    * makeScopedDictPtr, which behaves similarly to mkdirp in that it
      will create any intermediate dictionaries as required.

Style list methods

See merge request !157

- this increases the flexibility of the interface

- Add stringOps 'natural' string sorting comparison.
  Digits are sorted in their natural order, which means that
      (file10.txt file05.txt file2.txt)
  are sorted as
      (file2.txt file05.txt file10.txt)

STYLE: consistent naming of template parameters for comparators

  - Compare for normal binary predicates
  - ListComparePredicate for list compare binary predicates

- similar to word::validate to allow stripping of invalid characters
  without triggering a FatalError.

- use this validated fileName in Foam::readDir to avoid problems when
  a directory contains files with invalid characters in their names

- adjust rmDir to handle filenames with invalid characters

- fileName::equals() static method to compare strings while ignoring
  any differences that are solely due to duplicate slashes

- more consistent naming:
  * Versions that hold and manage their own memory:
      IListStream, OListStream

  * Versions that reference a fixed size external memory:
      UIListStream, UOListStream

- use List storage instead of DynamicList within OListStream.
  Avoids duplicate bookkeeping, more direct handling of resizing.

- makes it accessible for containers that manage their own storage
  and derive directly from UList.

- DynamicList::min_size() method to access the corresponding
  SizeMin template parameter.

- ensure consistency in the reserve size for the constructor

      DynamicList<..> lst(N);

  now has identical sizing as

      DynamicList<..> lst();
      reserve(N);

ENH: Arrhenius viscocity model for incompressible viscocity

See merge request !155

sergio authored 7 years ago and Mark OLESEN committed 7 years ago

- Arrhenius viscocity model for incompressible viscocity.

- energyTransport FO for incompressible single and multiple phase
  flows and viscousDissipation fvOption source.

- Tutorial to show the use of energyTransport:
     multiphase/multiphaseInterFoam/laminar/mixerVessel2D

- Tutorial to show viscousDissipation:
     compressible/rhoPimpleFoam/RAS/TJunction

- The problem occurs when using atof to parse values such as "1e-39"
  since this is out of range for a float and _can_ set errno to
  ERANGE.

  Similar to parsing of integers, now parse with the longest floating
  point representation "long double" via strtold (guaranteed to be
  part of C++11) and verify against the respective VGREAT values for
  overflow. Treat anything smaller than VSMALL to be zero.