solvers: Moved createRDeltaT.H into createFields.H so that it is available with the -postProcess option

Required to support LTS with the -postProcess option with sub-models dependent on ddt
terms during construction, in particular reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam.

See also commit cc455173

See also commit cc455173
Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1301

GeometricField: Renamed internalField() -> primitiveField() and dimensionedInternalField() -> internalField()

These new names are more consistent and logical because:

primitiveField():
primitiveFieldRef():
    Provides low-level access to the Field<Type> (primitive field)
    without dimension or mesh-consistency checking.  This should only be
    used in the low-level functions where dimensional consistency is
    ensured by careful programming and computational efficiency is
    paramount.

internalField():
internalFieldRef():
    Provides access to the DimensionedField<Type, GeoMesh> of values on
    the internal mesh-type for which the GeometricField is defined and
    supports dimension and checking and mesh-consistency checking.

When the GeometricBoundaryField template class was originally written it
was a separate class in the Foam namespace rather than a sub-class of
GeometricField as it is now.  Without loss of clarity and simplifying
code which access the boundary field of GeometricFields it is better
that GeometricBoundaryField be renamed Boundary for consistency with the
new naming convention for the type of the dimensioned internal field:
Internal, see commit 4a57b9be

This is a very simple text substitution change which can be applied to
any code which compiles with the OpenFOAM-dev libraries.

Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1938

Because C++ does not support overloading based on the return-type there
is a problem defining both const and non-const member functions which
are resolved based on the const-ness of the object for which they are
called rather than the intent of the programmer declared via the
const-ness of the returned type.  The issue for the "boundaryField()"
member function is that the non-const version increments the
event-counter and checks the state of the stored old-time fields in case
the returned value is altered whereas the const version has no
side-effects and simply returns the reference.  If the the non-const
function is called within the patch-loop the event-counter may overflow.
To resolve this it in necessary to avoid calling the non-const form of
"boundaryField()" if the results is not altered and cache the reference
outside the patch-loop when mutation of the patch fields is needed.

The most straight forward way of resolving this problem is to name the
const and non-const forms of the member functions differently e.g. the
non-const form could be named:

    mutableBoundaryField()
    mutBoundaryField()
    nonConstBoundaryField()
    boundaryFieldRef()

Given that in C++ a reference is non-const unless specified as const:
"T&" vs "const T&" the logical convention would be

    boundaryFieldRef()
    boundaryFieldConstRef()

and given that the const form which is more commonly used is it could
simply be named "boundaryField()" then the logical convention is

    GeometricBoundaryField& boundaryFieldRef();

    inline const GeometricBoundaryField& boundaryField() const;

This is also consistent with the new "tmp" class for which non-const
access to the stored object is obtained using the ".ref()" member function.

This new convention for non-const access to the components of
GeometricField will be applied to "dimensionedInternalField()" and "internalField()" in the
future, i.e. "dimensionedInternalFieldRef()" and "internalFieldRef()".

Avoids problems with inherited complex BCs for which the controlling
fields and parameters are not initialized.

The boundary conditions of HbyA are now constrained by the new "constrainHbyA"
function which applies the velocity boundary values for patches for which the
velocity cannot be modified by assignment and pressure extrapolation is
not specified via the new
"fixedFluxExtrapolatedPressureFvPatchScalarField".

The new function "constrainPressure" sets the pressure gradient
appropriately for "fixedFluxPressureFvPatchScalarField" and
"fixedFluxExtrapolatedPressureFvPatchScalarField" boundary conditions to
ensure the evaluated flux corresponds to the known velocity values at
the boundary.

The "fixedFluxPressureFvPatchScalarField" boundary condition operates
exactly as before, ensuring the correct flux at fixed-flux boundaries by
compensating for the body forces (gravity in particular) with the
pressure gradient.

The new "fixedFluxExtrapolatedPressureFvPatchScalarField" boundary
condition may be used for cases with or without body-forces to set the
pressure gradient to compensate not only for the body-force but also the
extrapolated "HbyA" which provides a second-order boundary condition for
pressure.  This is useful for a range a problems including impinging
flow, extrapolated inlet conditions with body-forces or for highly
viscous flows, pressure-induced separation etc.  To test this boundary
condition at walls in the motorBike tutorial case set

    lowerWall
    {
        type            fixedFluxExtrapolatedPressure;
    }

    motorBikeGroup
    {
        type            fixedFluxExtrapolatedPressure;
    }

Currently the new extrapolated pressure boundary condition is supported
for all incompressible and sub-sonic compressible solvers except those
providing implicit and tensorial porosity support.  The approach will be
extended to cover these solvers and options in the future.

Note: the extrapolated pressure boundary condition is experimental and
requires further testing to assess the range of applicability,
stability, accuracy etc.

Henry G. Weller
CFD Direct Ltd.

fvOptions are transferred to the database on construction using
fv::options::New which returns a reference.  The same function can be
use for construction and lookup so that fvOptions are now entirely
demand-driven.

The abstract base-classes for fvOptions now reside in the finiteVolume
library simplifying compilation and linkage.  The concrete
implementations of fvOptions are still in the single monolithic
fvOptions library but in the future this will be separated into smaller
libraries based on application area which may be linked at run-time in
the same manner as functionObjects.

See also commit 52d83407

to simplify construction of dimensionedScalar properties and avoid the
duplication of the name string in the constructor call.

so that the specification of the name and dimensions are optional in property dictionaries.

Update tutorials so that the name of the dimensionedScalar property is
no longer duplicated but optional dimensions are still provided and are
checked on read.

Added calls to setFluxRequired for p, p_rgh etc. in all solvers which
avoids the need to add fluxRequired entries in fvSchemes dictionaries.

Now the specification of the LTS time scheme is simply:

ddtSchemes
{
    default         localEuler;
}

LTS is selected by the ddt scheme e.g. in the
tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/ras/DTCHull case:

ddtSchemes
{
    default         localEuler rDeltaT;
}

LTSInterFoam is no longer needed now that interFoam includes LTS
support.

fvOptions does not have the appropriate structure to support MRF as it
is based on option selection by user-specified fields whereas MRF MUST
be applied to all velocity fields in the particular solver.  A
consequence of the particular design choices in fvOptions made it
difficult to support MRF for multiphase and it is easier to support
frame-related and field related options separately.

Currently the MRF functionality provided supports only rotations but
the structure will be generalized to support other frame motions
including linear acceleration, SRF rotation and 6DoF which will be
run-time selectable.

nLimiterIter: Number of iterations during limiter construction
    3 (default) is sufficient for 3D simulations with a Courant number 0.5 or so
    For larger Courant numbers larger values may be needed but this is
    only relevant for IMULES and CMULES

smoothLimiter: Coefficient to smooth the limiter to avoid "diamond"
    staggering patters seen in regions of low particle phase-fraction in
    fluidised-bed simulations.

    The default is 0 as it is not needed for all simulations.
    A value of 0.1 is appropriate for fluidised-bed simulations.
    The useful range is 0 -> 0.5.
    Values larger than 0.5 may cause excessive smearing of the solution.

Allows the specification of a reference height, for example the height
of the free-surface in a VoF simulation, which reduces the range of p_rgh.

hRef is a uniformDimensionedScalarField specified via the constant/hRef
file, equivalent to the way in which g is specified, so that it can be
looked-up from the database.  For example see the constant/hRef file in
the DTCHull LTSInterFoam and interDyMFoam cases.

threePhaseInterfaceProperties: Update constructor to be consistent with the two-phase interfaceProperties
Avoids problem of duplicate registration of K

Also moved global classes which should be in the Foam namespace into it.

The old separate incompressible and compressible libraries have been removed.

Most of the commonly used RANS and LES models have been upgraded to the
new framework but there are a few missing which will be added over the
next few days, in particular the realizable k-epsilon model.  Some of
the less common incompressible RANS models have been introduced into the
new library instantiated for incompressible flow only.  If they prove to
be generally useful they can be templated for compressible and
multiphase application.

The Spalart-Allmaras DDES and IDDES models have been thoroughly
debugged, removing serious errors concerning the use of S rather than
Omega.

The compressible instances of the models have been augmented by a simple
backward-compatible eddyDiffusivity model for thermal transport based on
alphat and alphaEff.  This will be replaced with a separate run-time
selectable thermal transport model framework in a few weeks.

For simplicity and ease of maintenance and further development the
turbulent transport and wall modeling is based on nut/nuEff rather than
mut/muEff for compressible models so that all forms of turbulence models
can use the same wall-functions and other BCs.

All turbulence model selection made in the constant/turbulenceProperties
dictionary with RAS and LES as sub-dictionaries rather than in separate
files which added huge complexity for multiphase.

All tutorials have been updated so study the changes and update your own
cases by comparison with similar cases provided.

Sorry for the inconvenience in the break in backward-compatibility but
this update to the turbulence modeling is an essential step in the
future of OpenFOAM to allow more models to be added and maintained for a
wider range of cases and physics.  Over the next weeks and months more
turbulence models will be added of single and multiphase flow, more
additional sub-models and further development and testing of existing
models.  I hope this brings benefits to all OpenFOAM users.

Henry G. Weller

Improve code reuse
Add multiphaseInterDyMFoam
Retire MRFinterFoam -> now handled by interFoam with fvOptions
Update tutorials

Removed alphaOuterCorrectors option because the mass-flux should be updated for all PIMPLE iterations
Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=1225